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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Every's Verses
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What: Every’s versus were viewed as a naval “Robin Hood” story which illustrated the contrast between tradition and law
Significance: Every’s seeks to establish that he was loyal to the crown and viewed himself as an English loyalist (Jacobite) who was not interested in challenging the social hierarchy because he once had land taken from him unjustly |
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Robin Hood Myth
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What: The story of a thief that robbed the rich and benefited the poor.
Significance: Some pirates saw themselves as naval Robin Hoods, putting them in a different perspective. They fought against the unjust imperial government, which was similar to Every's Verses. |
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Trial of 1696
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What: The Trial of Captain Every's men in London 1696. Exposed the colonial complicity to piracy. Judges pressured the jury to condemn these pirates to fix relations with the Mugul Empire & The India Trading Co. Used Common Law.
Significance: The jury passed them as not guilty even with the pressure of the India Trading Co. |
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Villainy Rewarded
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What: Also known as "The Pirates Last Farewell to the World". Portrayed pirates as thieves & murders. Warned pirates to be careful or they might find their life at the end of the rope.
Significance: Discouraged piracy & was a retaliation to Every's Verses. |
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William Dampier
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Who: Naturalist, pirate, first to travel the globe 3 times, & was a founding father of Australia.
Significance: He was a great writer & observer. As a naturalist, he recorded all his travels and his observations. This was crucial for science, especially Darwin's theory. His descriptions provided people accounts of what is outside of their country, without them actually having to travel. He was an example of how empirical science in the 17th century took advantage of pirates traveling around the world to expand their knowledge. |
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Sir Hans Sloane
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Who: Naturalist, surgeon. Member of the Royal Society. Traveled to Jamaica in 1680s.
Significance: Noted 800 new species of plants in Jamaica, famous for inventing milk chocolate, and collected as many buccaneer journals as he could. Used these journals to protect the pirates that wrote them. Contributed a lot to the British Library. |
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The Royal Society
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What: The oldest scientific society. Founded in 1660. Consisted of Renaissance people like architects, poets, astronomers, & biologist.
Significance: Motto "On the words of no one", important because it encouraged people to experience things first hand and not follow anything/anyone else. |
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Civil Law
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What: Legal system that used the framework of the Roman law. No jury. Headed by crown-appointed officials. Required confessions by witnesses.
Significance: The civil law was implemented to deal with piracy & robbery out at sea. Pirates tended to kill the witnesses. Created a common trial method/universal laws that were applied to everyone. |
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Common Law
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What: Legal system known as "the law of the land". It was built up with time & used a jury. Precedent was key.
Significance: It was difficult to try pirates under the common law. There was a conflict of interest when dealing with a case that dealt with two countries. Was not effective for dealing with piracy. |
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Reprisal
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What: The limited and deliberate violation of international law to punish another sovereign state that has already broken them.
Significance: The idea of reprisals conflicted with the idea of piracy. The connection of reprisals to Letters of Marque legalized the idea of "piracy" for government purposes. |
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Letter of Marque
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What: Legal document issued by the crown that authorized a person to attack & capture enemy vessels & bring them before admiralty courts for condemnation & sale.
Significance: Letters of marque legalized the idea of piracy for some. This changed the image of piracy as patriotism. |
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Hostis Humani Generis
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What: Enemies, not of one people, but of all mankind. People who did not agree with the lawful authority were considered pirates. Pirates were to be dealt by any nation for they are beyond legal protection.
Significance: This was the idea that pirates were not really enemies of mankind, but enemies of civilization. |
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Careening
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What: When a toredo worms bore holes in wooden ships, pirates must careen their ship to fix the holes. By putting everything heavy on one side of the ship, you tilt it and are able to fix the boat.
Significance: While pirates careen their ships, they are left very vulnerable. |
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Lionel Wafer
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Who: Surgeon that joined South Sea pirates in Jamaica. Left with indigenous & became a "god" to them because he cured their ill.
Significance: When he was captured as a pirate, Wafer knew that his knowledge of the Kuna Indians would allow him to be pardoned in England. This is because he provided information to empirical science! |
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Darien Diaster
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What: The King of England did not want a colony in Panama, so he did not support (trade) the Scots when they released the Darien Company there. He feared that it would cause turmoil with the Spanish.
Significance: The Scots were furious with England, so the King made them a deal: relieved all their debt if they became part of the nation, therefore creating Great Britain. |
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Bartholomew Sharp
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Who: Roughneck captain; strong military mind & great sea warfare.
Significance: Raided a ship & discovered a waggoner. He knew this item would get him pardoned when he returned to England. |
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Thomas Paine
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Who: A privateer commissioned to hunt pirates. Ended up looking for treasure. When a customs officer, appointed by crown, saw that his commission was fake, he threw Paine in jail. However, the Governor of Rhode Island pardoned Paine. Ended up living in Newport, RH to protect them against the French.
Significance: This exemplified the conflict between the crown and the colonies. Some pirates became the navies of the colonies, protecting them against others. This is where the support for piracy in the colonies conflicted with the fight against it by the crown. |
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Impressment
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What: The forcing of men to participate in the Royal Navy, similar to slavery.
Significance: This was similar to what pirates did to people, however one is seen to be "okay" & another is not. |
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Royal African Company
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What: Created a factory of slaves, founded in 1660. Monopolized English trade with West Africa.
Significance: Pirates were anti-monopolies due to their abilities to offer goods to people where there was demand. |
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Disequilibria of Trade
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What: Supply & demand do not meet - high demand, low supply.
Significance: Pirates reduced the amount of laborers in a country that would've accounted them. Pirate loot shot supply up & lowered demand. Pirates held a lot of power on how they could manipulate markets. The need for pirates increased due to this power and the fear of the currency crisis. Besides that, pirates supplied colonies navies & trade. |
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Gresham's Law
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What: "Bad money drives out good money". Coins were clipped, therefore considered bad money for their value and worth did not match.
Significance: Good money is hoarded or shipped off to foreign countries. This created a currency crisis and certain countries really suffered. The dependence on pirates to bring in metals to countries grew, there growing support for them. |
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Debasement
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What: A manipulation of currency. People clipped their silver & saved those clippings where they then would melt and create more coins. True value does not equal worth.
Significance: This caused a currency crisis. The dependence of pirates to bring in metals. |
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Navigation Acts
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What: A series of laws that restricted the colonies from trading with anyone but England. This is benefitted the English but hurt the colonies.
Significance: Preserving the "heart" of England at the expense of the "fingers"/colonies. Colonies suffered economically, so they ended up supporting and relying on them for economic support & naval support. |
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Privateer
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What: Individuals that held a government commission known as a letter of marquee authorizing them to capture/seize merchant ships belonging to enemy nations.
Significance: This term was used for some who were pirates. This gave a different perspective to piracy. |
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Buccaneer
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What: Pirates that attacked the Spanish in the Caribbean Sea. Another term for pirates.
Significance: This term was used for some who were pirates. This gave a different perspective to piracy. |
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Treaty of Madrid
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What: Ended the hostility between the English & Spanish in 1610. Transitioned Jamaica from a location to attack the Spanish to a location for commodity. Pardoned pirates & gave them 35 acres of land in Algiers.
Significance: Plunder versus Planting. England realized that they would make more money trading with the Spanish versus attacking them! |
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Sir Henry Morgan
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Who: Committed acts of piracy in Jamaica in 1661 & arrested. Attacked Spanish even though Spain & England were in peace.
Significance: He used ignorance as an excuse for piracy due to the difficulty of communication. |
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Logwooding
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What: England was the primary exporter of wool, but needed dyes. Logwood is a dye from the West Indies.
Significance: It was considered bad money because some people used it as a form of currency. |
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The Jamaica Act
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What: 1684. Anti-pirate legislation by English Parliament which prohibited trade with pirates in Jamaica.
Significance: Changed the purpose of Jamaica from a pirate's haven to one for agriculture. |
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John Alexander Esquemeling (Exemelin)
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Who: Wrote Buccaneers of America in 1678. Surgeon. Kept ethical distance from piracy
Significance: Created the first systematic criminal record in England |
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Jacobites
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What: Secret organization that supported James II as the rightful King of England. Did not support the Dutch king that took his seat.
Significance: Some pirates did not claim piracy, but rather that they were Jacobites fighting for the rightful King of England. This tied them to patriotism versus piracy. |
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East India Company
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What: A monopoly based in India. Military organization, own ships, regulatory body, crew, etc. Queen allowed them to do anything they wanted, which caused wars. They really wanted silver, but also calico and silk.
Significance: The demand for calico and silk exported all the silver from the East India Company, which was believed to hurt the currency crisis even more. |
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Aurangzeb
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Who: Mughal emperor.
Significance: Got angry and blamed the East India Trading Co. when Every captured his granddaughter. Threatened the end of the Trading Co. until Every was captured. Led to the biggest manhunt in history. |
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Captain Every
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Who:
Significance: |
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Sir William Phips
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Who: Governor of masachusetts, was born poor but worked his way up to a higher social status
Significance: Ended the Salem Witch Trials, used treasure hunting as a way for financial backing. This change in social status was unheard of till Phips. |
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The Projecting Age
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What: Defoe changed the image of investment to a positive act. He used Phips as an example.
Significance: The idea of investing your money to different projects was now encouraged! 1690s. Connected to Phips. |
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Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick
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Who: A major founder of Virginia, New Plymouth Colony, and Massachusetts Bay Colony. Brought tobacco, currency, and slaves. Invested in the colonies to make money. Stole slaves from the Portuguese and brought them to Virginia. People who worked for him were "private" men of war.
Significance: He used piracy to gather slaves for his colony. |
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Providence Island
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What: It was a failed colony designed by the Earl of Warwick. He wanted it to be a perfect Protestant society. In 1641, the Spanish plundered the place.
Significance: The English & the privateers there attacked the Spanish under letters of marquee. |
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Madagascar
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What:
Significance: |
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Hugo Grotius - Mare Librum
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Who: Dutch man that challenged the Treaty of Tordesillas. Argued that the sea should be open to all, bounty of the sea is endless, no international oversight. Mare Librum - free seas.
Significance: Work was influential to international law. The fact that his work challenged the Treaty of Tordesillas was big. |
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John Selden - Mare Closum
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Who: He was a lawyer hired by James I to argue against Hugo Grotius. He focused mainly on the ownership of the sea/fisheries.
Significance: He argued affective control - that if you can show power in the area, you control it. Argued that fisheries are exhaustible & should be controlled due to that fact. Besides that, owning the sea is similar to controlling land, it's all part of colonization. |
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Western Design
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What: The first public major militant naval policy performed by the English moved into the West Indies. Build a massive navy and destroy all the Spanish. It was an utter failure.
Significance: It sounded really piratical! |
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Sir Francis Drake
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Who: Dedicated his life as a one-man reprisal on Catholic Spanish. First Englishman to see & sail the Pacific Ocean. Awarded knighthood by the Queen. English pirates saw him as a great hero and a model pirate.
Significance: Although he was a very successful pirate, Drake was knighted by the Queen. This was because he brought a lot of wealth to England. |
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Sir John Hawkins
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Who: One of the first to really become involved in the West Indies and one of the first slave traders. Elizabeth supported him and gave him one of her own ships but the Spanish couldn’t technically trade with him cuz he was considered a pirate so Hawkins would “threaten” the islands until they traded.
Significance: The “threats” were just a technicality to trade with the Spanish as both wanted to trade but couldn’t cause he was a pirate. |
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Who:
Significance: |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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What: 1494. Moved the line created by the Pope to the left so it could include a good chunk of Brazil. Divided the lands between Portugal and Spain, west of Cape Verde islands (west coast of Africa). Agreed on by the Spanish and the Portuguese. Spain had possession of west on line and Portugal to the east of the line.
Significance: The idea that you are dividing the world, putting a border on the globe that some people thought that was not allowed because you’re splitting the sea which is open land. Monopolized the sea. |
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"No Peace Beyond the Line"
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What: It was an agreement that the acts of war that occur in Europe are separate from those that happen in the West Indies. Therefore, if someone kills another from a different country out at sea, it will not cause war in Europe.
Significance: This protected the English from acts of piracy in the sea as well as allowing privateers to commit acts of piracy without conflict back in the motherland. |
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Roanoke
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What:
Significance: |
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Killigrew Family
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Who: A family that owned the Pendennis Castle, which was the first line of defense for England. However, the family were pirate supporters.
Significance: The government couldn't not do anything against a family that publicly supported piracy. |
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Black Legend
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What: Brutal violence and harsh treatment towards the indigenous people of America by Spain. Spain staged massacres in every place they entered. anti-catholic sentiment
Significance: “Demonized” the Spanish and anti-spanish view was supported and was spread by the English |
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Anti-popery
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What: Antagonism towards the pope and Catholicism by the Protestants in Europe and America. The puritans and protestants wanted to reform the church back
Significance: These protestants/puritans would often attack Catholics and justified it saying it was to protect Protestantism and it was god’s work. |
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Algiers
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What: Famous pirate nests.
Significance: |
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Renegades
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What:
Significance: |
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Baltimore
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What:
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William Kidd
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Who: First pirate to have a commission by King William and Belmont to hunt and attack pirates. Was thought to have become a pirate himself and thus was executed. However, he had a French Commission.
Significance: First step for England and France to put an end to pirating. A very controversial person! |
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Navigation Acts of 1696
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What: Created the vice admiralty courts that used civil law compared to common law and began regulated colonial trade which tried to keep trade within the country and no foreign interference
Significance: Strengthened enforcement of laws of regulations over maritime crimes |
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Vice Admiralty Court
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What: The office or jurisdiction of the Admiralty court. Created in 1400’s and used to check international maritime crimes and used to regulate letter of marquee and the reprisal attacks. Used the Civil Law. Trial without jury.
Significance: Created a new, more efficient system to try pirates. |
