History Unit 3 Exam

Front 1

Harsha

Back 1

He was a king who established realm over northern India. This is after Gupta dynasty collapses. He was a Buddhist in a land that was predominantly Hindu. He had a freedom of religion policy. He was murdered by other leaders

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Mahmud of Ghazni

Back 2

Late 7th century after King Harsha Islam was in the rise. Islam starts moving into India. Not by force, but by choice; by Arab merchants during trade. His name is variation of Muhammad

From Turkmenistan, is a Muslim. Created Sultanate of Delhi. This was an empire in northern India. Sultans were Muslim, India remained Hindu primarily. Islam spreads. Buddhism does out in nation of birth.

Front 3

Saltie pronounced (sul tie)

Back 3

Arab word for chief

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Sultanate of Delhi

Back 4

Empire in northern India founded by Mahmud of Ghazni. Sultans were Muslim. India remained Hindu primarily. Islam spread. Buddhism dies out in nation of birth.

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Chola Kingdom

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Islam is coming from north so south is still very much Hindu. Lasted for more than 400 years. Hindu kingdom in southern India. Kingdom was between early and late Middle Ages.

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Vijayanagar

Back 6

"Cry of victory" this was another kingdom in southern India. An empire by the Portuguese. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.

Front 7

Shankara (before Ramanuja)

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Hindu theologian. Thought of how to revitalize Hinduism so it doesn't die out and Islam prevails. He does this by studying the texts. He is in early middle period.

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Ramanuja

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Thought of how to revitalize Hinduism so it doesn't die out and Islam religion prevails. He was a mystic in the late middle period. This meant he had a more spiritual relationship. Made it more a religion of salvation.

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Bhakti movement

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Led by Guru Kabir. Guru is a position... Like a rabbi. A spiritual leader. This movement was an attempt to try and synthesize Hinduism and Islam. Kabir is saying it's all the same thing.

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Guru Kabir

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Leader of the Bhakti movement. His name is Kabir. Guru is just a position. He is a spiritual leader. He attempted to try and synthesize Hinduism and Islam. He said they were all the same.

Front 11

Kingdom of Axum

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In Ethiopia. King of Kush succeeded by Axum kingdom. This was in the pre Muslim age. Christianity is spreading down the Nile and into Africa. The form that develops here is independent of western and eastern Christian churches. It was separated from "christian kingdom" in European world but it had the tame root, same origin. Most people of Axum were not Christians but the leaders were. Ethiopia could not be colonized because they could not be introduced to Jesus... They already knew him.

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Funan

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In south east Asia. Specifically in Thailand, Cambodia. It was on the mainland. Largely Hindu. 6th,7th century CE. Hinduism will not revive, but replaced by Buddhism (the lesser vehicle). This is dominant religion of Southeast Asia

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Angkor

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In south east Asia. Kingdom of Angkor came after and in same religion on the mainland. It was in what now is Cambodia and some Vietnam. This was a highly developed civilization. Buddhism. Kahmera (if you are of Cambodian descent, you get in for free). Conflict with the Thai marks the end of this kingdom.

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Melakan straights

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One of most important in the world. This is the route closed from China to India.

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Srivijaya

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They put a toll on the Melakan straight. Buddhism kingdom. In south east Asia.

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Melaka

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After Srivijaya was the rise of the kingdom of Melaka. Islam kingdom. Some are Buddhist? They funnel the religion (Islam) Indonesia- the largest Islamic nation as far as population. In south east Asia

Front 17

Dhow

Back 17

Workhorse of trade. It is a sailboat made of wood. Some are still used today.

Front 18

Justinian code

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Established law code of Byzantine empire. Emperor from 527-565

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Iconoclasm

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Iconography depicting people from the bible. In a painting, mosaic, or statue. The idea is to tell stories with pictures. This was to teach those who couldn't read. They were called devotional aides. You don't pray to these but it is just to focus. Iconoclasm opposed to these. This was ultimately undecideds full because people could just hide them. Until Byzantine leader said it was ok.

Front 20

St Basil

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Established rule for monastic life. He was an orthodox Christian.

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St Cyril and Methodius

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Language of the bible was Greek. They introduced Slavonic to it. They need to translate it. Slavonic people spoke Slavonic, but were illiterate so they created: Cyrillic Alphabet. That marks beginning of Christianity with Slavonics.

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Vikings

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The beginning of Russian history. They were pagan, illiterate, and don't speak Latin language. Not intimidated by ocean, began to leave homeland. Began attacks on neighboring societies. In Norway there was a village of Vik and they attacked so they referred to them as Vik-kings or Vikings. Also referred as north men, Norsemen, and Normans. Settled and became known as Normandy.

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Kiev

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Capital of Ukraine

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Frank's

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One of many Germanic tribes that raided Roman Empire and settled. Their leader is Clovis. Their kingdom grew and from the Frank's we get France. Early Germanic chiefs were pagan.

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Charlemagne

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He is son of Charles Martel. Charlemagne is also called Charles the great. The pope pronounced him emperor. They are on low budget and sont have money for strong central govt so they divide up land. Charlemagne had one son and he got the eastern part. His son was known as Louis I or Ludwig I or the German.

Front 26

Gregory the great

Back 26

Pope Gregory or Gregory the great sent missionaries to England to convert because he didn't know about Celtic and how they were sending missionaries. Celtic was going east to England from Ireland and Roman Catholic Church was going west to England from Europe. Decided different dates like Easter and both pleaded their case and Roman Catholic won.

Front 27

Great schism

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Divid that broke western and eastern Christianity. There was a rivalry in between both and basically told the other you're going to hell.

Front 28

St scholastica

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Established rule for women monastic life.

Front 29

St Benedict

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He established rule for monastic life in the orthodox Christian church

Front 30

Khublai khan

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This is the grandson of Chinggis Khan. He was the founder of the yuan dynasty also known as Mongol dynasty and the khanate dynasty. Mongol rulers of China are always resented by Chinese. These were most powerful and wealthy in Chinese history.

Front 31

Kami

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Gods and goddesses therefore Kami kaze literally meant wind storm. Because kaze means wind. Viewed it as divine intervention.

Front 32

Golden Hoarde

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He was a Khanate. In Russia and Ukraine. Russians were invaded and conquered by the Mongols.

Front 33

Helegu

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Ilkhanate of Persia. He is another grandson of Chinggis Khan. This was in Persia and Mesopotamia. He brought an end to the Abbasid caliphate.

Front 34

4 Mongol empires carved out by Chinggis Khan and son

Back 34

1. Khanate of the Great Khan

2. Chagatai Khanate

3. Khanate of the Golden Hoarde

4. Ilkhanate of Persia

Front 35

Mongolian Empire

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Responsible for volume of trade increase. They provided stability and security on the Silk Road.

Front 36

Saljuk Turks

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Turkmenistan is the original land of the Turks. They are Muslim. Settle down in Arab empires.

Front 37

Battle of Manzkrit

Back 37

Between saljuk turks and Byzantine empire. It is then called sultanate of Rum. Rum because that is their pronunciation of Rome. Osman is founder of Ottoman Empire.

Front 38

Kingdom of Ghana

Back 38

Emerged between two major rivers. The Senegal and the Niger River. Their capital was sales and it was located on Niger River. It was a center of trade. Ghanaians controlled the golf trade they were the middle man between producers and consumers. Consumers are Arabs. First written accounts were Muslim . Rulers of kingdom of Ghana converted to Islam. They had nomadic raids from outside.

Front 39

Diviners

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Occupy some spiritual position in society or community they know what the gods and goddesses want

Front 40

Ottoman Empire

Back 40

Osman was the founder. Small breakaway kingdom of sultanate of rum. First World War brought this to an end

Front 41

Tamarlane

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Timur was a descendent of Chinggis Khan. He was Timur the lame. And that is how they got tamarlane. He was a Muslim. Not tolerant of other religions. Few Christians and Jews in Asia because he would persecute them.

Front 42

Kingdom of Kongo

Back 42

It is by river and if you go east you hit the equator. Dominated central Africa for a while. In subsahara Africa

Front 43

Sundiata

Back 43

Founder of the Mali empire. It's source of wealth was gold. Controlled gold western trade. Sundiata means the lion prince. Grand nephew name is Mansa Musa which would be next ruler of Mali Empire

Front 44

Mansa Musa

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Grand nephew of Sundiata. Ruled Mali Empire. Was a Muslim and he made the Hajj (trip to Jerusalem to the Kaaba)

Distributed so much gold on the way that the value of gold went down 25%. He also gave away slaves (about 500) the slave trade would then go on for 1000 years. This was in Africa and Arabia.

Front 45

Swahili

Back 45

It means people along the coast. It becomes the language.

Front 46

Kilwa

Back 46

Major trading center on East coast of Africa. This is taken over by Portuguese.

Front 47

Zimbabwe

Back 47

This is the home of the chief. Named for ancient civilization that lived there. Home of the tribal chieftain. Made out of stone and not wood. The capital was Nyanda.

Front 48

Zanj revolt

Back 48

Zane came from east coast of Africa (Swahili speaking society) they were African slaves. Were Muslim and taken to Iraq / southern Mesopotamia on growing sugar. Arabs had ideal land for sugar between tigres and Euphrates river so they could sell it to Europe whom cannot grown it. Need hot weather to grow sugar. This revolt was during the Abbasid caliphate. It took 14 years and ultimately the Zanj revolt was suppressed.

Front 49

Holy Roman Empire

Back 49

King Henry and Pope Gregory got into a controversy. Gregory performs excommunication of Henry. Excommunication means you're out of the church and you are going to hell. Henry obviously loses this contest. He goes to snowy mountain barefoot and basically kneels before the pipe and admits he was wrong. The pipe forgives him. Jealousy arises in Holy Roman Empire. Don't unify for a long time and this is a reason not many people outside of Central Europe speak German.

Front 50

Hugh Capet

Back 50

He was the count of Paris. The count is a French kings. He is not the strongest ruler in grande. In the French isle-Ile de France (not an island in geographical sense but metaphorical sense) he is king of this.

Front 51

Frederick Barbarosa

Back 51

Red beard. Became leader of the third crusade. He's a knight (mounted on a horse wearing a suit of armor). Crossing a river he fell off his horse with heavy armor and drowned. According to German legend Frederick will return and save Germany.

Front 52

Normans

Back 52

Duke of Normandy not French but Vikings, also known as Normans. French kings tried to assimilate them into their empire . Duke William "the bastard" of Normandy.

Front 53

After King of England

Back 53

England was unified at this time. King did not have any kids. The three after were in between 1. Duke William "the bastard" 2. Harold Godwinson

3. Harold hardrada.

King died and 2 took over. Then 3 fought him and 2 won and then 1 came in and the bastard one.

Front 54

William "the bastard" of Normandy/ William the conquer

Back 54

He becomes King William 1 "the conquered" all descendants of modern day of of William 1. He spoke French. For two hundred years French was the official language of England.

Front 55

Hundred Years' War

Back 55

Series of wars that lasted more than 100 years between French and English. This was over control of French territory. French territories getting their land and English kings keeping land of ancestors. French drove out English piece by piece.

Front 56

Reconquista

Back 56

Combined effort to take back land lost by Arab armies. Takes over 400 years to complete.

1492 it was completed

Front 57

Hanseatic League

Back 57

Alliance of trade cities in Northern Europe. Wool (much less expensive than silk) used for textiles.

Front 58

Guilds

Back 58

Medieval trade association. Industries were self regulated so small business owners would get together at guild to discuss prices and how many people they were going to have in the profession.

Front 59

Troubador

Back 59

This was a movement, idea to try and redirect energy of Knights trying to kill themselves and do something productive or in the arts.

Front 60

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Back 60

Was a supporter of troubador movement . She was the queen of two different countries. Queen of France and England. She was French and gave no boys and then married to England and gave all boys.

Front 61

Sacraments

Back 61

Roman Catholic Church came up with sacraments to tell illiterate people if they did certain things they will go to heaven. Things like burial, babyish, communion...

Front 62

Chivalry

Back 62

Comes from the French word meaning Cheval. The word 'chivalry' has its earliest roots in the French word for horse, cheval, and a knight in that same language is called chevalier, the ambassador of la chevalerie (chivalry). Many historians consider knighthood and chivalry to mean one and the same thing. Originally, however, the chevalier was simply a horseman equipped with lance and sword for battle, a barbaric descendant of the Germanic Goths who raided and invaded the Roman Empire from the third to the fifth centuries. As time progressed, the knights image grew in sophistication, and by the end of the eleventh century knighthood had come to denote a person of noble birth, often possessing property, whose responsibility it was to uphold certain religious, moral and social systems.

Front 63

Vinland

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Old Norse, means wine land Viking word for greenland.

Front 64

Cathars

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Albigensians and Cathars received heavy criticism for Roman Catholic Church. The Pope organized these people, made an army and they ran a crusade. They were basically killing Christians who disagreed how they ran the place.

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Heretic

Back 65

Someone who believes something that officials don't.

Front 66

Toltec

Back 66

Toltec Empire didn't control much land but has much influence. The principle city was Tula. They dominated for about 200 years. Mayan civilization is going into decline as of this moment.

Front 67

Tula

Back 67

Principle city in Toltec Empire. When Tula is destroyed this marks the end for the Toltec.

Front 68

Tenochtitlan

Back 68

This was the name of the ruler and also established this as the capital. He and his people were not literate. Came from north and was first ruler of the aztec empire. In Azlan there are 7 caves.

Front 69

Chinampas

Back 69

They build land outward in lake. It was in blocks... kind of like a land fill. The lake acted as a mote.

Front 70

3 main gods of Aztec (they were polytheistic)

Back 70

1. Huitzilopochtli- he is the sun god and the biggest/most popular god.

2. Tezcatlipoca is the second biggest. Loosely translated as the "smoking mirror" (in this scenario the mirror is the lake and the smoke is the mist in the morning).

3. Quezalcoatl

Front 71

Huitzilopochtli

Back 71

he is the sun god and the biggest/most popular god.

Front 72

Tezcatlipoca

Back 72

is the second biggest. Loosely translated as the "smoking mirror" (in this scenario the mirror is the lake and the smoke is the mist in the morning).

Front 73

quipu

Back 73

Could be used in various ways. This was a record of quantity (like an abicus)

Front 74

Chicuito

Back 74

Kingdom that develops around lake titicaka in the highlands. In peru. Part of Aztec

Front 75

Chimu

Back 75

This was kingdom in lowlands-coastal. In peru. Part of Aztec

Front 76

Inca

Back 76

The biggest was the Inca empire in Aztec which was divided into many territories. Developed in late medieval period. Small kingdom built into an empire by Pachacuti known as Sapa Inca (this was the name for their ruler). Largest of civilizations until arrival of Europeans. 25% of population of Americas lived in realms of the Inca. Inca had silver and gold- mountain of potosi (The spanish went to this mountain for the silver).

Front 77

Al-i-nui

Back 77

Chiefs in Hawaii. Chiefs were only allowed to wear red and yellow and eat certain items.

Front 78

Cuzco

Back 78

Capital of the Inca Empire.

Front 79

Marco Polo

Back 79

His father and uncle had already made the trip. Journey to China from Venice arriving in the capital. They spent 17 years in China during the reign of Khubla Khan. When they got back Marco Polo found himself in prison because Venice was at war. In prison he told his stories and they became documented.

Front 80

Rabban Sauma

Back 80

His life reflects a mirror image of what Marco Polo did. He travels from China to Europe.

Front 81

Ibn Battuta

Back 81

From Morocco (northwest of Africa) born in 1304. traveled to Indian working in court of sultanate of Delhi. Made pilgrimage to Mecca and continued the sultanate of Delhi.

Front 82

Bubonic Plague

Back 82

Originated in Eastern China. Malnourished due to global cooling. Temperatures around the world fell and less food was harvested and people were weaker and susceptible to disease and could not fight it. The season is shortened so less food and more people hungry and weak. Killed 1/3 of population in Europe. If you got bumps they were called Bubos and 2/3 of people who got it died.

Front 83

Little Ice Age

Back 83

Global Cooling, where the seasons were shortened therefore there was less food and this is when the bubonic plague hit.

Front 84

Ming Dynasty

Back 84

They are the ones who establish and build Beijing as their capital. They are also responsible for building the Great Wall of China. They built this because they want to keep the mongols out. The bubonic plague had just contributed to the downfall of the yuan dynasty. Beijing is in the north because this is where emperor lives and it is closest to monguls. He wants to be close to the enemies because that is where threats are.

Front 85

Zheng He

Back 85

He was a muslim explorer. He was in the Ming dynasty and was trying to establish his presence in the world. His job was to suppress piracy which were threats in the ocean... also to see what is outside of china.

Front 86

The renaissance

Back 86

This means "rebirth". It was in Italy; all trade goods came through Florence, Venice so there are many wealthy merchants. This means they will pay for the local talent. This also happened in some french parts like Merced.

Front 87

Henry the Navigator

Back 87

In Portugal. He is not navigating or traveling, but simply funding trips to China. They don't know if you can go around Africa (they are going south trying to go around it).

Front 88

Columbus

Back 88

Columbus has a theory. We already know that the earth is a sphere and instead of going around Africa, we can just go west and get to China. (Europeans obviously believed the world was a lot smaller than what it actually was) Turned down by French and Britain. Also turned down by Portuguese (because they already knew the way but did not want to be telling their competition. The Spanish decided to fund him. He had 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. HE found San Salvador and said Jesus I made it so he named it after Jesus... Saint Savior... San Salvador. Thought this was an island off of China. This area is known as the Indies... he called these people Indians. Columbus made three voyages and Spanish notice it is not China let aline Asia. The land is named after the Italian explorer Amerigovis Buche.

Front 89

Artists in the Renaissance

Back 89

Michelangelo, Donatello, Masaccio, and Leonardo DaVinci.