History Unit 12: Cold War

Front 1

bipolar world order

Back 1

US and Soviet Union each form respective alliances around the world
US=free world
USSR=non-free world

Front 2

Non-Aligned camp

Back 2

not on US or USSR side- neutral
ex) India
but hard to be neutral b/c US and USSR said either with us or against us

Front 3

arms race

Back 3

war of weapons
(US had nuclear bomb)
but arms race keeps the peace b/c of M.A.D.

Front 4

M.A.D.

Back 4

mutually assured destruction
deterrance
if one country attacks, the other's defense combined will destroy it all

Front 5

war by proxy

Back 5

US and USSR using respective allies to fight against each other (they never actually fought against each other)

Front 6

Potsdam Conference

Back 6

new US president
nothing really accomplished there
still don't know what to do w/ Germany
hostility, not cooperation

Front 7

Iron Curtain Speech

Back 7

by Churchill
says there is a major permanent divide btw east and west of Europe (unfree and free)

Front 8

Soviet Union in No. Iran

Back 8

there b/c Iran=oil, some communists there
US wants Soviets to leave --> Soviets leave

Front 9

Munich Analogy

Back 9

Truman believed Soviet Union could not be appeased
US will set limits for the USSR
=Containment

Front 10

Containment

Back 10

aggressive defense
US was going to contain communism where it was, stop its spreading, and if it did spread-->harsh measures taken
(Truman)

Front 11

Truman Doctrine

Back 11

Truman applies Containment
when US protects Greece from Communism
US commits to protect non-Communist regimes

Front 12

COMINFORM

Back 12

revival of Comintern
Soviet Union creates it
reaction to Truman Doctrine
meeting of Communist powers around the world and plan to spread communism

Front 13

Marshall Plan

Back 13

Churchill=generous
US committing itself to rebuild Europe- great contribution
but US had alterior motives too

Front 14

Jan Masaryk

Back 14

leader of Czech
killed by Soviets-->Czech brought into Soviet movement (it was the only country in east. Europe that could have had a democracy)

Front 15

Tito

Back 15

leader of Yugoslavia
Post WWII= non-aligned even thought he was communist
Yugo=only communist nation that remained apart from Soivet Union

Front 16

Berlin Airlift

Back 16

after Berlin is divided and Soviets blockade Berlin
US flies planes over Berlin low and constantly drop supplies

Front 17

Kim il Sung

Back 17

leader of North Korea-communism

Front 18

Sygmund Rhee

Back 18

leader of south Korea- anti-commnism

Front 19

Douglas MacArthur

Back 19

US general aka "American Shogun"
Korean War- rushes over to S. Korea after North invades South

Front 20

Euro-centric

Back 20

focused on Europe
Truman was euro-centric

Front 21

Inchon

Back 21

MacArthur expels N. Korean forces from S. Korea
goes throught pusan

Front 22

Insubordination

Back 22

tensions btw Truman and MacArthur
-->Truman fires MacArthur- famous scandal

Front 23

Chiang Kai-Chek

Back 23

leader of Republic in China before Mao (communist) took over
flees to Thailand

Front 24

NATO

Back 24

US lad alliance of W. European States
western military bloc
"an attack on one of these countries was an attack on all"
-->Soviet Union forms Warsaw Pact (E. European states)

Front 25

Red Scare

Back 25

trial of Hiss
Hiss=FDR's buddy, went to Yalta, found guilty of being w/communists

Front 26

Diaspora

Back 26

Jews expelled from Israel by the Romans
the lands is renamed Palistina

Front 27

Balfour Declaration

Back 27

issued by British
realize Jews do need their own land, also bringing Jews to Palestine would help their interests, Jews hoped to get that land after the war

Front 28

National Home

Back 28

=Palestine
British and France have control over Middle east b/c of mandates
British start building gov. in Palestine

Front 29

Yishuv

Back 29

Palestine- mome and more Jews coming to this land
"A people w/o land are coming to a land w/o people"
(but Arabs already there)

Front 30

Hebron riots

Back 30

whole community of Jew killed when Arabs rebel (after Jews come into Palestine)

Front 31

Peel commission report

Back 31

Britain would give Jews a small sliver of land of Israel
(British trying to take action after Arabs rebelling to Jews coming in)
but Arabs still say no

Front 32

white paper

Back 32

issued by Britain
no more immigration of Jews to Palestine
worst time for Jews b/c during WWII and Hitler

Front 33

Ben-Gurion

Back 33

leader of Jews
led the Haganah against the Irgun (right wing terrorists who wanted to fight the Brits)
defeats Irgun

Front 34

El Nakba

Back 34

Jews win war of indepence against Arabs, Arabs called it El Nakba= the disaster

Front 35

Israeli Arabs

Back 35

Arabs that still live in Israel are incorporated into the state

Front 36

Armritsar Masscare

Back 36

creates tensions when Indians rebel for more power/independence against Brits

Front 37

Government of India Act

Back 37

esentially Indians could take control of their own lives in the provincial area
-talks about slowly getting rid of the Rajj
(Brit sees they have to give India up)

Front 38

Nehru

Back 38

leader of INC (along w/ Ghandi)

Front 39

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

Back 39

created Muslim league
seems to be losing power to INC (Hindus)
but doesn't give up
gains support of British during WWII (gives them troops)

Front 40

Quit India Movement

Back 40

led by INC
wants the British to leave India
British arrest all the INC leaders
INC doesn't help Brit in WWII

Front 41

Direct Action

Back 41

Muhammed Ali Jinnah calls out for Muslims to go out and kill Hindus
(had tried to negotiate w/INC for a separate Muslim state-Pakistan- but they say no)

Front 42

Mountbatten

Back 42

last viceroy of India that tried to prepare India for smooth partition and independence
-sees there needs to be a partition

Front 43

India split into:

Back 43

Pakistan (Muslim)
and
Inda (Hindu)
distater partition

Front 44

Sun-Yet Sen

Back 44

new leader-promises to bring republic & nurturing to China
brings Kuomintang (nationalist party)
but not able to solve China's problems

Front 45

Mao

Back 45

defeats Chiang, leader of China
communist, supported by Soviets
kills a lot of people
used 5-year plans
but great leap forward fails

Front 46

Nkrumah

Back 46

leader of Ghana, comes to power peacefully
Ghana=1st African nation to gain independence

Front 47

Mau Mau and Kenyatta

Back 47

violent groups (nationalists) in Kenya against Britain

Front 48

Khrushchev

Back 48

succeeds Stalin
gives signs that USSR going to moderate/peaceful relations w/west
shuts down Gulag-work camps Stalin set up

Front 49

Khrushchev's secret speech

Back 49

speech that accused Stalin of being a criminal/intolerant- repudiated Stalin
-misinterpreted-sent signals to other countries that things would be loosened up a bit

Front 50

Brinkmanship

Back 50

Eisenhower, Nixon, Dulles
new policy- US would be more aggressive toward Soviet Union- to the brink of war
but turns out to be more talk than action

Front 51

massive retaliation

Back 51

Eisenhower, Nixon, Dulles also talk about it

Front 52

the three 1956 crises

Back 52

Poland
Hungary
Egypt

Front 53

Gomulka

Back 53

leader of Poland
anti-Soviet, but communist
wants to move away from USSR after K's secret speech
but K sends warnings not to
-->G says he will be loyal to Soviet Union

Front 54

Nagy

Back 54

leader of Hungary
liberal communist
wants out of the Warsaw pact
what happened in Poland incites Hungary to do break away too
-->Soviets kill Nagy and put a new Soviet comm leader

Front 55

Nasser

Back 55

leader of Egypt
not a comm, but hates the west
takes over Suez Canal
Pan-Arabist
anti-Israel
supports attacks against Israel by Palestinians

Front 56

Pan-Arabist

Back 56

(Nasser)
advocating unity of all arab countries

Front 57

fedayeen

Back 57

Palestinian guerilla fighters
Egypt encouraged them to attack Israel

Front 58

UAR

Back 58

United Arab Nation (republic)
proposed by Nasser
Syrians and Egypt combine
but does not last
shows Nasser's Pan-Arabist inclinations

Front 59

Sputnik

Back 59

satellite launched by Soviets
US feels Soviets became superior over the west technologically

Front 60

U-2

Back 60

Soviet Union shoots down this US spy plane
both clearly spying on each other
Khrus pissed- cancels Summit Meeting planned by Khrus and Eisenhower

Front 61

revolution in Cuba

Back 61

leader=Batista-overthrown by Fidel Castro
CIA plans to overthrow Castro
Bay of Pigs operation fails
but pushes Castro into alliance w/ Soviet Union

Front 62

Bay of Pigs operation

Back 62

US plan against Fidel Castro- Cuba
land cuban exiles in Cuba and rile up revolution against Castro
but US screws it up, Kennedy calls it off

Front 63

Brain Drain

Back 63

why Germans build Berlin wall
West Berling was free and ppl from east Germany would go over

Front 64

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 64

US find out Soviets have missiles in Cuba pointing at US
US pissed- closest time US and USSR come to actually fighting
Khrus "blinked first"-->kicked out as Premier of USSR

Front 65

Hot Line

Back 65

result of Cuban missile crisis
US president and premier of Soviet Union have direct, immediate communication in case of danger

Front 66

Nuclear test ban treaty

Back 66

result of Cuban missile crisis
US and Soviet Union would stop testing nuclear weapons in atmosphere

Front 67

Algeria and Kenya

Back 67

did not get independence peacefully
Kenya vs. Brits
Algeria vs. French

Front 68

IBO

Back 68

separatist group in Nigeria
wanted to form a separate state w/in Nigeria= Biafra
had all the oil

Front 69

Biafra

Back 69

independent state declared by IBO in Nigeria
its creation-->civil war
in the end, Biafra falls and reincorporated into Nigeria

Front 70

Great Leap Forward

Back 70

Mao's plan- wanted to improve peasant life, but disaster
overextended itself
Mao embarrssed and scared-->paranoia

Front 71

Cultural Revolution

Back 71

launched by Mao (China)
totally purge any resistance to Mao
killed millions of people
reignites revolutionary fervor in young generation

Front 72

Red Guards

Back 72

youth movement created by Mao- went out to look for anything Old China
but they took it to the extreme-Mao had to put it down

Front 73

anti-confusionist

Back 73

Mao was b/c totally opposite of communism

Front 74

Pakistan split into:

Back 74

East Pakistan (-->Bangladesh)
West Pakistan (Pakistan today)
India aids East Pakistan to gain independence

Front 75

Ho Chi Minh

Back 75

takes control over No. Vietnam
communist
effective guerilla warfare

Front 76

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Back 76

French were defeated by Ho Chi Minh
they were exhausted and withdrew from Vietnam

Front 77

Vietcong

Back 77

southern vietnamese communists who threatened non-communism of So. Vietnam (support by Ho)

Front 78

Geneva Accords

Back 78

17th parallel only temporary
free election in all of Vietnam to determine what a united Vietnam would look like
America rejected it b/c knew comm would win

Front 79

Ngo Diem

Back 79

brutal So. Vietnamese leader
non-comm
builds ARVN to defeat Vietcong
oppressive and ineffective
Kennedy gets rid of him and brings someone else in

Front 80

President Johnson

Back 80

after Kennedy assassinated
chose to send more troops into Vietname to defeat Vietcong and No. Vietnam
Domino Theory

Front 81

Domino Theory

Back 81

Pres. Johnson
if So. Vietnam falls to comm, all the other nations in Southeast Asia would too

Front 82

P.L.O.

Back 82

formed under Yassin Arafat
to liberated Palestine from Zionism
starts before Israel will conquer those territories

Front 83

6 Day War

Back 83

Israel defeats Egypt and Arabs
gets Gaza strip and Sinai from Egypt
gets Golan Heights from Syriagets east Jerusalem and West Bank from Jordan
Israel wins big!

Front 84

Khartoum Conference

Back 84

where Arab league meets (all Arabs come together)
after 6 Day War
Arabs even more angry
issues the 3 NO's

Front 85

UN security Council Resolution 242

Back 85

UN came up w/ formula for peace (after 6 Day War)
Israel returns occupied territories for peace (purposely left out the word "the")