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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nicholas Copernicus
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Heliocentric Theory; “Founder of Modern Astronomy”
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Tycho Brahe
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Proved that the geocentric theory was incorrect but didn't support heliocentric theory
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Johann Kepler
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Brahe's assistant; mathmatically proves the heliocentric theory, but most people can't understand his math
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Galileo
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1st person to use telescopes; “Dialogue on Two Chief Systems of the World”; placed on house arrest after Inquisition
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Principia”- 1st work of the Enlightenment; law of universal gravitation
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Andreas Vesalius
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Pioneered study of anatomy; "On the Fabric of Human ?"
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William Harvey
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Physician who studied blood
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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Discovered bacteria using a microscope
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Robert Boyle
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Pioneered Chemistry
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Joseph Priestly
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discovered oxygen
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Francis bacon
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inductive method of reasoning- use observation, measurement, experimentation, and hypothesis to get verification
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Rene Descartes
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reasoning- reasoning out a general law from specific cases and applying it broadly to other cases; skilled "Doubter"
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Define Enlightenment
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Intellectual movement of the 18th century that is the outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution
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What did thinkers want to find?
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laws that governed the activities of humans
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What institutions did they criticize?
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The Church and State/Gov't
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Who coined the phrase "Enlightenment"?
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Immanuel Kant
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Beliefs of Deism
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God as the master clockwinder- lets the universe run itself; can't accept Christianity
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Agnosticism
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doubt existance of God
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Atheism
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denies existance of God
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Philosopher vs. Philosophe
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Philosopher tries to answer questions in the universe; Philosophe just criticizes what is set up
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John Locke
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gov't protects life, liberty and property- if it dosen't, rebellion; "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"- tabula rossa
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Voltaire
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criticized "Old Regime";"Candide" = satire; liked Enlightened despotism; advocate of monarchy- 1 fine lion over 200 rats
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John-Jacques Rousseau
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man is good but corrupted by civilization; reason was a false guide- experience was good; "The Social Contract"- general will is absolute (gov't is neccesary evil)
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Baron de Montesquieu
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not one political system was perfect but like British Constitutional monarchy- "Spirit of the Laws"- different branches (start of checks and balances); influenced US founding fathers
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Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert
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Edited the "Encyclopedia"- philosophes' ideas
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David Hume
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mind is just bundle of impressions- skeptical of reason
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Immanual Kant
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if thinkers had freedom to express themselves, and enlightenment would follow
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Enlightened Despots
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certain monarchs of Europe who made some limited attempts to practice the reforms advocated by the Philosophes;
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Why absolutism still accepted?
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a. Absolutism was a way of life and rulers didn’t want to give up their power
b. Philosophes distrusted the “people” (Voltaire called them rats) c. Enlightenment thinkers turned toward rulers since the rulers seemed to listen to them, treating them with respect, and seeking their advice |
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Frederick the Great of Prussia's Reforms
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1. Modernized gov’t- new agencies (tried to help economy)
2.Reorganized system of taxation by increasing indirect taxes 3. Codified the Prussian law and abolished the use of torture in legal proceedings 4.Encouraged the expansion of industry in Silesia (had good natural resources) 5. Encouraged religious toleration, though Prussia was Protestant 6. Improved schools in Prussia |
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War of Austrian Succession
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WHen Maria Theresa took over Austria, Prussia attacked and gained much of Silesia
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Why Frederick was a despot:
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i. Tried to extend privileges of the aristocracy in Prussia
ii. Never tried to in any way change Prussia’s existing social structure (serfdom) |
