History & Systems: Psych As A Branch Of Philosophy

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Confucianism

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– a moral philosophy focusing on self-actualization of humans to optimize society

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Taoism

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“the way” focusing on rejecting intellectualism & scholarship & embracing spontaneity & inaction “WU-WEI”

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Protagoras

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most imp of sophists in Greece; intro’d idea of truth as subjective

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Aristocles/Plato

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student of Socrates; human mental life as having 3 components (reason, desire, spirit); mind is non-material & knowledge pre-existing; beginning of dualistic concept of mind/soul in Western thought

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Aristotle-

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rejected Plato & started Systematic Psych; separates mind & soul & says there’s a bio basis for consciousness; saw art as cathartic & marked first few steps towards the scientific method

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Peripatetic Islamic Philosophy – Avicenna

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- agrees w/plato on soul being non-material; saw the self as the primary idea

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Peripatetic Islamic Philosophy- Averroes

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truth is derived from reason not faith; humans share a form of collective intellect & purely individual intellect; Jung drew from

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Modern European Philosophy – Descartes

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– rationalist ideas/father of modern philosophy; mind must be separate from body b/c “I think therefore I am”; Cartesian Dualism; believed in doctrine of innate ideas

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Benedict Spinoza

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Theory of Emotionality - 3 basic emotions & 48 states; understanding them gives you power to control them

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Leibniz

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our perceptions are made up of tiny perceptions; first appearance of notion of unconscious
-model for Voltaire's educator of Candide

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British Empiricism

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believed that knowledge is derived from pure-reason; from experience & observation; tabula rasa; Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume,.

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British Empiricism- Hobbes

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1st to say that mind’s contents begin w/sensory impressions (ie the 1st “associationist”); links are made b/c of cooccurance when 1st experienced

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British Empiricism – Locke –

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like Hobbes he refuted Plato & Descartes but said they were wrong b/c “mind is furnished w/ideas by experience alone”; tabula rasa

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What were Locke’s 2 major categories for mental contents?

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Ideas of Sensation – these ideas are direct product of sensory experiences
Ideas of Reflection – ideas produced by interior mental processes; complex

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What were Locke’s “primary” and “secondary” perceptual qualities?

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Primary – objective qualities
Secondary – subjective qualities

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Association – how did the Empiricists use this term

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as an early name for what behaviorists would later call “learning”

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British Empiricism - George Berkeley –

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critic of Locke; “to be is to be perceived”; religious philosophy; early theory of vision said that we learn distance through trial & error

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End of Empiricism – David Hume

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can’t assume cause & effect from observation (disproved empriricism); theory of emotionality (“the passions”); awareness of thought proves thought exists, but doesn’t show there is an “I” who is doing the thinking

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German Idealism – Kant –

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believed it to be impossible to create a science of psychology b/c no way to measure mental processes; influenced Freud’s unconscious; followed Empiricism

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Early Scientific Psych – Mesmer

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- used magnets to heal conversion disorders (mesmerism)

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Early Scientific Psych – Gall

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phrenology & used it to advocate eugenics

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Psychophysics

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– psych discipline attempting to quantify relationship btwn physical stimuli & subjective experience of them; all early psych scientific research is psychophysics

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Psychophysics – Weber-

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“just noticeable difference”; est’d link btwn mind & physical environment as the nervous system

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Just Noticeable Difference

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smallest perceptible diff between two sensations; is a function of the change in magnitude of a stim by a constant factor of its original magnitude; Fechner improved upon Weber’s discovery & named after him; doctor’s “two point threshold” is an example

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Psychophysics – Fechner –

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formal beginner of experimental psychology; goal was to prove that mind & matter are simply diff ways of conceiving the same reality; figured out how to measure sensations quantitatively & found “absolute threshold”, “differential threshold”, “ “method of avg error”, “method of limits”, “method of constant stimuli”; disproved Kant

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Fechner's Discoveries

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Absolute Threshold – when a stimulus becomes strong enough to be discernable;
Differential Threshold – minimum amount of change in strength of a stim to trigger change in perception;
Method of limits -2 stim start the same & one is changed until subj can tell there is a difference & avg’d to find differential threshold; opp of method of avg error
Method of constant stimuli – tries to judge difference btwn 2 stimuli

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Psychophysics – Pierce

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followed Fechner’s research & discussed blending of inductive & deductive principles to create modern form of hypothesis testing

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Psychophysics – von Helmholtz

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– his theory of color vision validated experimental approach to psych

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What is Voluntarism?

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Wundt’s name for Structuralism; the name emphasizes the volition/will exercised by consciousness upon itself

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Voluntarism – Wundt –

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– 1st experimental psych lab & 1st psychophysicist to study consciousness; said psych should focus on “immediate experience” b/c simplest sensory & emotional experience; had ppl report their subjective experiences to him

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What is the Tridimensional Theory of Feelings?

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Wundt’s idea that feelings are basic immediate form of experience; 3 dimensions to feelings (pleasure/displeasure, tension/relaxation, excitement/depression)& these form feelings

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Structuralism – Titchener

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translated Wundt selectively; 44,000 sensations

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Object Relations Theory
What did it come out of?
What does it focus on?

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Developed out of Freudian but shifted focus onto innate drives; founded in belief in a system of internal relationships w/mental reps of others
-real relationships & mental reps

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Object Relations Theory - Fairbairn

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created 1st true OR model of personality & rejected bio drives
-his ego is object-seeking unlike Freud's, formed before birth & has motive energy
-psychopathology direct/indirect product of internalized bad objects

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What is the central ego? Who came up with it?

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Fairbairn said it is a part of the ego that relates to real ppl & the world; mostly unconscious & represses libidinal & anti-limidinal ego

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What is the libidinal ego? Who came up with it?

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Fairbairn - loving & grows in response to good experiences; needy & abused

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What is the anti-libidinal ego? Who came up with it?

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Fairbairn - formed out of bad-object experiences; akin to superego is hostile towards libidinal ego

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Object Relations - Winnicott -

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criticized Kleinian theory b/c pediatrician
-psychopathology created by lack of good-enough mothering

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What is the "transitional object"?

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Winnicott (good-enough mothering) said this iswhat child uses to provide comfort when feeling threatened during transition from subjective omnipotence to objective perception of exteral reality

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What is primary maternal preoccupation?

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Trait of a "good enough mother" & involves her providing the "holding environment" to make infant feel omnipotent until able to relate to "objects objectively perceived"

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Self- Psychology

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Created by Kohut, similar to OR models (relationships more imp than innate drives in personality formation) but different b/c primacy of sense of self in personality formation minor trauma is nec

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Self Psychology - Kohut

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Began Freudian but believed narcissism was normal component of personality & psychopathology came from malformations of self due to selfobject failure in diff dvlpmnt phases

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Idealizing Transference

Vs

Mirroring transference

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Process where patience perceive therapist to be absolutely good & powerful caretaker
Process where patients internalize all goodness/power into a grandiose self; Kohut says results from dvlpmntl trauma

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Selfobject

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What Kohut said ALL of his narcissisticly disturbed patients regarded therapist as part of themselves; normal in children until chilren feel good enough to separate into nuclear self

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Transmuting Internalization

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how infants adapt & incorp positive feats of selfobject into original aspects of their self