History & Systems Of Psychology Ch. 1-7

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The feature of modern psychology which distinguishes it from its antecedents is its

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- primary scientific field
- applies tools and methods from biology and physiology
- relies on controlled observation and experimentation
- Objectivity and precision and continually sought and refined.

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The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on

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Controlled observation and experimentation

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The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of

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Philosophy and physiology

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Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn

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Putting the past into perspective to explain the present

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The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as

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- Material historians use to reconstruct lives, events and eras
- unique
-data fragments: the shards

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In reading accounts of events and persons in the history of psychology, one must always question

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Accuracy – data may be suppressed, lost or distorted

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The terms "ego" and "id" as portrayed in Freud's works are examples of

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Data distorted in translation

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A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of

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Economic opportunity

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Psychology as a discipline has (hint: contextual factors)

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Developed through external contextual forces – economic opportunity, world wards and prejudices and discrimination

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A school of thought emerges whenever

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They are protests against the current order that correct the predecessor’s errors and then incur their own protest; A group of psychologists become associated ideologically with the leader of the movement.

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Kuhn (1970) defines a paradigm as

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An accepted way of thinking within a scientific discipline that provides essential questions and answers

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From Kuhn's (1970) stance, psychology is in the _____ stage.

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Preparadigmatic

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The Zeitgeist of 17th‐ to 19th‐century Europe and of the U.S. was marked by

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Mechanism

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What are some ideas that psychology borrowed from natural philosophy?

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Mechanism; clock; atoms; gravity

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The description of behavior in terms of neurochemicals is an example of

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Mechanism; clock; atoms; gravity

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The description of behavior in terms of neurochemicals is an example of

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Reductionism – phenomena that can be explained by reduction to their basic components; most fundamental part

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Philosophy and science merged when it was determined that

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Reduction of human mind to a machine; human functioning and behavior are governed by mechanical law

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Empiricism attributes all knowledge to

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Experience; observation

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Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the what mind‐body relation?

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Bidirectional; mutual interaction; mind influences body and vice versa

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Descartes argued that because the body is matter, then the laws of _____ apply.

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Physics and mechanics

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Descartes posited that the mind‐body interaction occurred in the

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Pineal gland or conarium

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Descartes posited that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.

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Innate

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An important difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their positions about the existence of

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Innate ideas; ideas develop within the mind rather than through senses; unlearned; instinctive;

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Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate because

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Ideas are learned early in live and become habit; all knowledge is empirically derived

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For Locke, ideas are the result of

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Two kinds of mental experiences; sensations (external) and reflections (sense impressions); combinations yield abstractions and other higher-level ideas

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The notion of secondary qualities was posited by Locke to explain

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Subjective, exist in the experience of the object

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Hume's response to Locke's and Berkeley's arguments about objective versus subjective reality was that

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No way of knowing; reality is perceived

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Hartely argued that the physiological correlates of ideas are

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Law of association: mechanical; theories of vibrations

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J.S. Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry is known in modern psychology as

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Creative synthesis

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PET scans, which identify localization of different functions within the brain, is based on the earlier

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Phrenology

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The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is

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Galvani

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The paradigm of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th century reliance on

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Mechanism

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The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was

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Inductive method; small to big

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German universities were especially fertile grounds for scientific advances because

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Ready acceptance of biology as science; broad definition of science; academic freedom in research and teaching

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With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important outcome of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination

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First empirical measurement of the rate of conduction of the neural impulse (90 feet/second)

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Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the

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JND – Just notable differences; constant ratios

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Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the

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Psychophysics - A quantitative relationship between mind and body; between mental sensation and a material stimulus; two ways to measure (1) absolute threshold and (2) differential threshold of sensitivity – fore each sense there is a certain relative increase in stimulus intensity that always produces an observable change in intensity and sensation

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Fechner’s conflict between the materialism of his training in medicine and his interest in metaphysical phenomena was resolved by his development of

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Notion of pleasure principle

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Arguably, modern psychology was originated with (Who’s original work?)

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Fechner

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Psychology as a "new domain of science" was formally established by

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Wundt

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The first formal school of thought in psychology was

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Structuralism

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For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was

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Consciousness

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In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess

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Examination of one’s own mental state; personal thoughts & feeling

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Wundt's observers used introspection to report

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Judgment about the size and intensity of physical stimuli

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Ebbinghaus's research involved the ____________ study of associations __________

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Study with the initial formation of associations; study the chain of ideas as they were formed to make the study of learning more objective

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Ebbinghaus’s contribution(s) to the development of modern psychology involved?

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-development of memories
- basic learning measures
- non-identical but similar list of syllables
- nonsense syllables
- Founded journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs

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What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus?

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Nonsense syllables to study memory; 9X harder to learn

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Ebbinghaus's specific research involved the study of

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Learning and memory

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Some of the important findings of Ebbinghaus’s research pertained to?

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Brought objectivity, quantification, and experimentation to the study of learning; work on association shifted from speculation about its attributes to formal scientific investigations;

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For Brentano, the primary research method was

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Systematic observation; empirical data

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The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to

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Act psychology – mental activity

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Act psychologists argued that the two ways of systematically studying mental acts were

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memory and imagination

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Stumpf's method of observation was

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Phenomenology – examination of the unbiased experience

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Kulpe's Systematic experimental introspection involves

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Involved performance of a complex task; subjects gave retrospective report of the cognitive processes experienced during the tasks

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Kulpe's identification of consciousness experiences not based on sensations refuted Wundt's

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Definition of the scope of psychology

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Marbe and Watt extended the work and influence of the Wurzberg school with their

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Suggestions that the unconscious mind can have an influence on human behavior

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Wundt's focus was on ____ whereas Titchener's was on ____

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-Experimental- not mechanical – concern was organization;
-structuralism – mechanical – focus on elements themselves, break them down and then discover structure

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Titchner argued that knowledge of the elementary conscious experiences would

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Determine its structure

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One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was his publication,

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Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice

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Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error; that is,

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Confusing the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed

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Titchener insisted that observers focus on

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Elementary states of consciousness; elements of their states of consciousness

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For Titchener, consciousness was defined as

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The sum of our experiences existing at a given time

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William James described consciousness as cumulative and not recurrent. In this regard, his notion of consciousness is the same as Titcheners' notion of

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Mind: the sum of our experiences over a lifetime

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Titchener's method of introspection was not like ____ method.

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Wundt’s

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Which of the following was a topic to be explored by Titchener's psychology?

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Elementary states of consciousness; characteristics of mental elements;

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By 1896, Titchener had identified approximately how many elements of sensation?

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44,500

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Toward the end of Titchener's career, his system came to sound more like that of

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James Mill

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Two contributions of Titchener's structuralism to modern psychology are

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Conscious experience clearly defined; research methods: experimental; introspection remains viable method; impact on cognitive psychology; strong base against which others could rebel.

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Functionalism was an intentional protest of the limitations of

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Wundt’s experimental psychology and Titchner’s structural psychology; both which were restrictive

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The most significant immediate antecedents of functionalism were

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Darwin and Galton

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The social Zeitgeist of the mid‐1800s was affected by the impact of

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Industrial Revolution

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Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his

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Variation among members of the species; those that cannot adapt do not survive; survival of the fittest

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The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the

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Natural Selection

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The most profound influences of Darwin's work on psychology were

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Similarity between animals and humans; facial expression; developmental;

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A secondary consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was

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Individual differences and their measurements

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An early 20th‐century American government policy was to sterilize mentally retarded females. Nazis in the 1930s and 1940s practiced genocide of Jews Poles, and gypsies. In 1995, genocide is practiced in Serbia/Croatia/Bosnia as well as in certain African nations. All these political acts are examples of Galton’s science of

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Hereditary Genius; Eugenics

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Galton said that the proportion of eminence which could be attributed to environmental influences was ____?

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0

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The notion of the correlation was developed by

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Galton

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Mental tests were originated by

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Galton

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Galton’s measures of intellectual functioning assumed a correlation between intelligence and

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Sensory capacities

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Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of

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Events in childhood and adolescences, an early demonstration of the influence of childhood experiences on adult personality

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To study mental imagery, Galton used which self‐report method?

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Psychological questionnaire

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According to ______, animals have no soul and thus are automata.

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Descartes

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According to Darwin, humans’ emotional expressions reflect

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Inheritance of behavior once useful to animals

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Whenever we think we “know what’s on someone’s mind,” we are using which technique?

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Introspection by analogy

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The intent of Lloyd Morgan’s canon was to

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To counteract the prevailing tendency to attribute excessive intelligence to animals; behavior must not be interpreted as the outcome of a higher mental process when it can be explained in terms of lower mental process.

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The influence of the work of Romanes and Morgan for American psychology was their focus on

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Comparative psychology; Functional Psychology

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An important factor that enabled functionalist psychology to flourish in the U.S was the

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Evolutionary Theory; Social Darwinism

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Spencer’s adaptation of evolutionary theory resulted in his

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System called synthetic philosophy; idea that knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of evolutionary principle.

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For Spencer, the universe operates in accord with

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???

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For Spencer, the human mind represents

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Exist in present form due to past and continuing efforts to adapt to environments

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James was most vociferously criticized by other early psychologists because he

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Many viewed him as negative force because he maintained a widely publicized interest in mental telepathy, clairvoyance, spiritualism, community with the dead at séances, and other mystical events

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“An elaboration of the obvious” was James’s epithet for

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Psychology

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James was convinced by writing his own book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), that

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He had nothing more to say about psychology

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James’s approach to psychology was to view it as

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A study of living people as they adapt to their environments

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For James, repetition of a behavior

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Is a habitual action that involves the nervous system and serve to increase the plasticity of neural matter.

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Dewey’s analysis of ______ was the work that most keenly protested structuralism.

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??

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For Angell the fact that consciousness exists demonstrates that it is

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Essential

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For Carr, the subject matter of psychology is

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Mental activity/processes, including memory, perception, feeling, imagination, judgment, will

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The hallmark of Woodworth’s psychology was his

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Dynamic psychology