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12 Cards in this Set

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Cisneros' regency, 1516-17 (1)

. The installation of pro-Burgundian advisers and of Flemings in official posts quickly disillusioned Spaniards


. Opposition focused on three main complaints: Excessive taxation, the appointment of foreigners to office, and the absence of the king


. To avoid breaking his promise not to give offices to foreigners, Charles issued them all with letters of naturalisation (making the foreigners Castilian), a transparent and widely resented subterfuge


. The appointment which most stirred public opinion was that of Chievres' nephew, Guillaume Jacques de Croy, who at age 16 in 1518 ws already granted the main Archbishopric in Castile, that of Toledo - a cardinal and bishop of Cambrai


. The grandees of Castile were outraged - Some, such as the admiral of Castile and Constable of Castile, expressed open dissent


. Nobles were divided by clan feuds and found it difficult to make cmmon cause - The major ities of Castile - Burgos, Cordoba and Seville - were split between factions allied to rival nobles

Cisneros' regency, 1516-17 (2)

. In Toledo, the rivalry was particularly bitter between the Ayala group of families and those related to the Riberas and Padillas


. Cisneros put into effect a plan for a citizen militia of 30,000 men, raised among volunteers from each region of Castile and financed mainly by the cities - This was by no means to the liking of nobles and towns as it would have made the crown militarily independent of the grandees - This didn't come to pass due to resistance from towns


. Cisneros sent warnings to Flanders against the employment of Ferdinand's former servants - This created friction between the government of Cisneros and the growing circle of Spanish officials around Charles


. The Castilian aristocracy, which loathed Cisneros' government, equally found Charles' Spanish advisers increasingly unpalatable - Many of them came from the Crown of Aragon and most of them were conversos


. A future government of Flemings, Aragonese and Jews was the last thing the Castilians had envisaged when they originally placed their hopes in Charles

Delayed arrival in Spain (did not arrive for over 18 months)

. The king's very rapid passage through Castile (Valladolid was the only major city he visited), his departure for Aragon in March, and his equally fleeting reurn before taking ship at Coruña, seemed to show contempt for his Castilian inheritance


. The placing of his Imperial title before his Spanish one, suggested that Spain was to be relegated to a minor role


. His fleet was diverted by winds and landed on the coast of Asturias on 18th September 1517

Charles was 'foreign'

. Charles did not speak any Spanish language and had never visited Spain


. Main issue was political - foreign policy held away from Spain - exploiting Spain for its resources


. Born in Ghent in the Netherlands and not Spain

Surrounded by foreign advisers

. His chief adviser was a Burgundian nobleman, the lord of Chievres, Guillaume de Croy, and there were few Spaniards in his household


. Favours and important Spanish offices were given away to Charles' Burgundian supporters


. Scores of lucrative posts were given to the Flemings - Charles' physician and tutor Adrian of Utrecht received the bishopric of Tortosa, Chievres gained an important post in the Castilian government

Foreigners were enriching themselves at Castilian expense

. Charles chose a Burgundian councillor, Jean le Sauvage, as president of the Cortes of Castile held in Valladolid in 1518 - Representatives of towns protested against the inclusion of a foreigner at a meeting of their Cortes


. In the flourishing commercial city of Burgos, the merchants who profited from the voluminous wool exports to Flanders could expect further favours - Their success was resented by the towns of central Castile, whose fragile tectile industry centred in Segovia, was threatened by foreign cloth imported in exchange for wool

Fear of raising money to take abroad

. Charles needed to obtain money to pay the expenses incurrd in becoming Holy Roman Emperor - The journey to leave for Germany to ensure his succession required ready cash


. A group of leading friars in Salamanca made a list of instructions to the Cortes summoned by Charles to Santiago - Included to stop offices going to foreigners, not to agree to any servicio, the Comunidades must not be misgoverned, the king's duty is to govern them by his presence and not by his absence


. The Castilian Cortes was persuaded to vote a large servicio tax of 600,000 ducats payable over 3 years


. The Cortes of Aragon were more able to resist royal power than that of Castile and were even more reluctant to recognise Charles as king, particularly while his mother was alive - It was not until January 1519 when they vote him a grant of 200,000 ducats


. The Cortes of Catalonia, which met at Barcelona, took over a year to be agreed - There were objections to the Burgundian advisers but reluctantly granted 100,000 ducats

Castille - Valladolid, 1518 (Cortes)

. They recognised Charles as king, but in an atmosphere of muted suspicion - Castilians had preferred the Infante Ferdinand as their next ruler, he had been King Ferdinand's favourite


. They granted Charles 600,000 ducats payable over 3 years


. They confirmed him king jointly with his mother Joanna - 1520-22, Joanna is used a pawn in the hands of the comuneros rebels


. Charles was able to extract 15 subsidy taxes during his reign


. Charles insisted that the 'procuradores' must attend the Cortes with full consent from the towns to vote a subsidy tax - marked victory of royal authority over the towns

Aragon - Zaragossa, 1519 (Cortes)

. The more entrenched nature of the Cortes' privileges, the fueros, delayed his recognition as king and a grant of 200,000 ducats for 8 months

Catalonia - Barcelona, 1519 (Cortes)

. In the midst of negotiating with the Catalan Cortes, Charles received news of the death of his grandfather, Emperor Maximilian, putting him in a more monumentous struggle for the Imperial Crown


. The Catalan Cortes granted Charles 100,000 ducats

Valencia (Cortes) - Not Called

. After receiving news in Barcelona that he was chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles dropped any intention he may have had to go to Valencia


. He ordered preparations for the court to sail back to the Netherlands


. He did not go to Valencia until 1523, after he had returned to Spain

Castile - Santiago/La Coruna, 1520 (Cortes)

. The calling of a Cortes in Castile to meet in Santiago in February 1520 created a great annoyance - No Cortes had ever met in such a remote place before and Santiago did not even have the righ to send presentatives to a Cortes


. Representatives tried to gain discussion of their grievances before granting money


. 200,000 ducats was reluctantly voted, mainly to cover the costs fo the enormous fleet of 100 ships which left Coruña with Charles on 28th May to go to Germany


. Further resentment was caused by the fact that the previous subsidy had been granted less than 3 years before


. Charles had full and immediate powers to grant the subsidy tax - no negotiations


. 6 towns refused to approve the subsidy tax


. Toledo and Salamanca did not send any procuradores