History, Philosophy, And Methodology Of Science

Front 1

the reliance of scientific investigation on empirical data (0021)

Back 1

clarity about empirical vs what came before

Front 2

the use of verifiable evidence, reasoning, and logical arguments (0021)

Back 2

reproducible independently

Front 3

the importance of avoiding bias (0021)

Back 3

how was bias displayed before?

Front 4

the evaluation of scientific claims and arguments (0021)

Back 4

who evaluates claims and arguments?

Front 5

science and technology in the ancient world (e.g., China, Greece) (0021)

Back 5

Fertile crescent: 3500. observations, writing; ag, domestication, copper, bronze, tin. Iron Age 1000 BC

Egypt: astronomy, medicine, alchemy. Inclined Plane.

Greece: natural philosophy. pre-socratics:Thales (first scientist) non-supernatural explanation. Pythagoras of samos: earth is round. Plato and Aristotle, systematic disc of deductive reasoning. Anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, astronomy. Importance of empirical research.
Socratic method. Eratosthenes circum of earth. Galen operations. Euclid: mathematics; Archimedes (greatest mathe. of all time) area under arc summing inf series, pi.
Watermill, steam engine, gear, screw, pumps.

Romans: Road building, aqueducts, concrete, glass blowing

Egypt: Library of Alexandria translated Greek science. Islamic Golden Age through 14th c. used scientific method. ibn al-haytham optics; algebra from al-kywarizmi; al-battani physics; Avicenna (momentum, medicine), modern chemistry influenced Bacon, who introduced empirical method in England.

India: metallurgy invented (crucible, stainless steels) --Damascus; astronomy heliocentric; trig; calculus; zero.

China: compas, gun powder, paper making, printing (Jesuit China Missions of 16th and 17th c brought Chinese science back to Europe) Religious framework of Taoism restricted scientific advance.

Front 6

the foundations for modern science in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (0021)

Back 6

12th c Scholasticism renewed learning in Europe (protestant reformation, Columbus, fall of constantinople)
14th c Black Death; Ockham (simple)
16th c Copernicus and Vesalius (anatomy) Scientific Revolution; geology steno superposition;

17th c Age of Reason Isaac Newton motion, Faraday, Ohm, Maxwell electromagnetism; Galileo, Halley, Hooke, Huygens, Brahe, Kepler, Leibniz, Pascal Bacon Hobbes.

18th c Age of Enlightenment Franklin, Euler, Lavoisier (conservation of matter, father of chemistry), Dalton atoms led to Mendeleev periodic table; Werner and Linnaeus classification;

Front 7

the development of modern science in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (0021)

Back 7

Pasteur 1880
Mendel 1866; Darwin 1859.
Wegener (plate tectonics)
Agassiz (ice age)
Crick and ? DNA

Front 8

key figures, discoveries, and theories (e.g., the Copernican revolution, Darwin's theory of evolution) (0021)

Back 8

Copernican: Sun to the Center
Darwin: Survival of the Fittest

Front 9

social, religious, and economic conditions that supported or inhibited the development of science and technology (0021)

Back 9

Social: Fall of Greece?, Fall of Byzantium, Age of Exploration
Religious:Protestant reformation; Inquisition, Missionaries in China, India
Economic: Industrial revolution

Front 10

the formulation of testable hypotheses
(0022)

Back 10

conjecture leads to prediction or hypothesis, if.. then...testable; falsifiable; reproducible; based on observations or extension of scientific theories.

Front 11

the use of carefully planned research to solve problems (0022)

Back 11

why important?

Front 12

procedures and considerations, including validity and reliability, in setting up and conducting scientific investigations (0022)

Back 12

what does that mean?

Front 13

the use of sampling techniques (0022)

Back 13

random; appropriate range

Front 14

hypothesis testing using control and experimental groups (0022)

Back 14

idea of control groups

Front 15

the systematic observation of phenomena (0023)

Back 15

attention to detail

Front 16

strategies, tools, and technologies for gathering, measuring, recording, and processing data (0023)

Back 16

hmm

Front 17

advantages and disadvantages of various measurement methods and devices (0023)

Back 17

advantages
disadvantages

Front 18

solving problems involving measurement (0023)

Back 18

using a ruler?

Front 19

the use of various formats (e.g., graphs, flowcharts, tables, step-by-step directions, maps, reports) for organizing, communicating, and interpreting information (0023)

Back 19

...

Front 20

the use of data for making predictions and drawing conclusions (0023)

Back 20

perhaps inductive vs deductive reasoning?

Front 21

developing models and statistical methods for interpreting and reporting data (0023)

Back 21

evaluation

Front 22

practices and requirements related to the safe use and storage of tools and equipment (0024)

Back 22

is there a list somewhere?

Front 23

the use and proper disposal of materials (0024)

Back 23

again, a list?

Front 24

procedures for preventing accidents in the science laboratory (0024)

Back 24

hmm

Front 25

procedures for dealing with accidents and injuries in the science laboratory (0024)

Back 25

there must be a protocol sheet somewhere

Front 26

proper practices and requirements related to the use and care of living organisms (0024)

Back 26

huh. do ms students use real animals?