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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Interested in furthering the understanding of meteorology |
Robert Fitzroy |
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How did Fitzroy kill himself? |
Cut his throat with a razor |
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What did Thomas Malthus propose that influenced Darwin and Wallace? |
Wrote that the world's food supply increases arithmetically, whereas the human population increases geometrically, and that only the most forceful and adaptable will survive |
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What is the theory of acquired characteristics? |
Modifications of an animals bodily form in order to adapt are inherited by succeeding generations |
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Juan Huarte |
Spanish physician who proposed the theory of individual differences |
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Galton's emotional state prior to Africa |
had a mental breakdown |
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What is eugenics? |
Refers to fostering the improvement of the inherited qualities of the human race through artificial selection |
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What was the result of Galton's study on eminent men? |
Eminent men have a higher probability of fathering eminent sons than average men |
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What influence did Darwin's work have on society? |
A focus on animal psychology, individual differences, and the acceptance of methodology and data from many fields, and the functions rather than structure of consciousness |
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What work did Galton do on associations? |
Worked on the diversity of associations of ideas and reaction time |
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What did Karl Pearson do? |
Developed the current formula for calculating the correlation coefficient (r) |
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Adolph Quetelet |
Belgian mathematician who was the first to use statistics with biological and social data, and the normal curve of distribution |
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Who coined the term mental tests? |
James McKeen Cattell |
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Who originated the concept of mental tests? |
Galton; he was measure intelligence and sensory function; derived from John Locke |
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Anecdotal method |
the use of observational reports about animal behavior and was proposed by George John Romanes |
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introspection by analogy |
a technique for studying animal behavior by assuming that the same mental processes that occur in the observer's mind also occur in the animal's mind - Proposed by Romanes |
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Parsimony |
the notion that animal behavior must not be attributed to a higher mental process when it can be explained in terms of a lower mental process - C. Lloyd Morgan |
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Coined the term "survival of the fittest" |
Herbert Spencer |
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What is Spencer's notion of social darwinism? |
human perfection is inevitable as long as no interference occurs in the natural order of things |
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Why was the US receptive to Social Darwinism? |
America was very individualistic and believed in free enterprise and little government regulation |
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What kind of economic system did Spencer favor? |
Laissez-faire |
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Synthetic Philosophy |
Knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles |
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Who used Spencer's books on synthetic philosophy, where, and for what? |
William James used them to teach his first psychology course at Harvard |
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What did Samuel Butler say about machines and evolution? |
the evolution of machines had already occurred, in the same processes that guide human evolution |
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what even thighlighted the inadequacy of Babbage's machine and the ability of people to tally large amounts of data? |
1890 US Population Census |
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What did Henry Hollerith do and what was the impact? |
Engineer who developed punch cards to collect data - started what we know today as IBM |
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Whose work serves as the major precursor of functional psychology? |
William James
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Why did some of William James colleagues view him as a negative force in the development of scientific psychology? |
He maintained a widely publicized interest in telepathy, clairvoyance, and spiritualism |
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Who called psychology the "nasty little science"? |
William James |
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What were the secondary gains of being sick in the James family? |
That is the only way you would get attention from mother |
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What disease did James have as a young adult? What were the symptoms? How did James get "cured"? What socioeconomic class tended to be most affected by the disease? |
Neurasthenia, which James called Americanitis - affected the affluent and highly educated, depression-like symptoms ; cured by free will |
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What US university was the first to offer instruction in experimental psychology? |
Harvard |
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During what academic year did James teach his psychology class? In what year did James become professor of psych at Harvard? |
Became a prof in 1872 and taught his 1st psych class 1875-1876 |
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What year did James's book come out and what was it called? |
Principles of Psychology 1890 |
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What did James say about psychology after he finished his book? |
There was no such thing as Psychology |
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Why is James considered by so many scholars to be the greatest American psychologist? |
He wrote with clarity, he opposed Wundt's goal of psychology, and offered a new way of looking at psychology
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What is stream of consciousness? |
the idea that consciousness is a continuous flowing process that any attempt to reduce it to its elements will distort it |
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What is pragmatism? |
the doctrine that the validity of ideas is measured by their practical consequence |
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James' three part model of the self |
body, soul, and clothes |
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According to James what role does habit play in behavior? |
He sees people as bundles as habits that enormous social implications |
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What did Mary Whiton Calkins study? First female president of what and what year? |
Studies memory; APA 1905 |
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What is the variability hypothesis? |
the notion that men show a wider range and variation of physical and mental development than women |
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Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley |
studied the supposed inferiority of women, found no significant difference between sexes |
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Leta Stetter Hollingworth |
studied the variability hypothesis, challenged innate instinct of motherhood; coined term "gifted children" |
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The year the APA was formed |
1892 |
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What influence did Wundt on Hall? |
Wundt's book - Physiological Psychology inspired interest in new science |
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What was the first psych journal in the US, who founded it, and in what year? |
Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology in 1887 |
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Who was the first African-American to earn a PhD and with whom did he study |
Francis Cecil Sumner; Hall |
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How did functional psychology get its name? |
Titchener named it in the process of arguing against it |
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What is the concept of John Dewey's reflex arc? |
The connection between sensory stimuli and motor responses |
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Who wrote the first american psych textbook in the new psychology? |
John Dewey; 1886 |
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What did Dewey study in his lab school? |
physiological molecularism, elementism, and reductionism |
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Who was hired by the Coca Cola company to discover the effects of caffeine? |
Harry Hollingsworth |
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What was of interest of the first generations of American psychologists after they came home from studying with Wundt? |
Applied psychology, not what the mind is, but what id does, evolutionary and functional |
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What experience did Cattell have with drugs? |
drugs reduced his depression, he studied their effects on his cognition |
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How did Cattell view his experiences with Wundt? |
He thought himself much more intelligent than Wundt and the rest of his students |
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What influence did Glaton have on Cattell? Where did they meet? |
The two met at cambridge; influenced Cattell to stress quantification, ranking, and ratings |
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What were the results of Cattell's interest in eugenics? |
He argued for the sterilization of delinquents and offered money to intelligent "superior" people to intermarry |
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What interest did Cattell have on acquiring journals? |
He was dissatisfied with Hall's journal, his wife Josephine was the unofficial manager |
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What did JM Cattell study in his mental tests? |
They measured the range and variability of human capacities through basic sensorimotor measurements, which were less complex than future tests; there was a low correlation for academic predictability |
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How was Cattell viewed by Columbia's administrators and his biographer? |
They though him egotistical, ungentlemanly, and "nasty" |
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What is the Psychological Corporation |
Started by Cattel, but did not show any profit until he left, it provided psychological services to industry and the public |
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mental age |
the age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks |
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What is the formula for determining intelligent quotient? Who devised it? |
the ratio between mental age and chronological age - William Stern |
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Who translated the Binet intelligent test to English and introduced the term "moron"? |
Henry Goddard |
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What test did Florence Goodenough develop?
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the Draw-a-Man test |
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Where did Psyche Cattell get her doctoral degree? |
Harvard in 1927 - developed Cattell infant intelligence scale - can assess babies as young as 3 months |
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In what area of psychology did Anne Anastasi establish herself as an authority? |
Psychology testing, entered college at 15, earning her doctoral at 21, served as APA president |
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What were the accomplishments and areas of interest of Lightner Witmer, including the year he opened the first psych clinic? What two areas did he create? |
Opened in 1896, began clinical and school psychology |
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To what did Witmer originally believe was responsible for behavioral and cognitive disturbances? |
Genetic factors, later environmental factors |
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Who is the largest employer of psychologists in the United States? |
The Department of Veterans Affairs |
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What were the areas of interest/expertise of Walter Dill Scott |
advertising and business |
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What did Scott believe about consumers, and women in particular? |
Consumers can be persuaded through suggestibility; believed women more easily persuaded |
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What things did Scott do to earn a college degree? |
He tutored and received scholarships |
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What were the Hawthorne studies, and what was learned from them? |
They evaluated the effects of the physical work environment on employees. social and psychological factors were found to be the most crucial |
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Who was Lillian Gilbreth, and for what is she known? |
The first person to receive a PhD in Industrial-Organizational Psychology |
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When and why did Hugo Munsterberg come to the US? |
In 1892 Munsterberg came to the US to run a lab at Harvard at the invitation of William James |
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What was Munsterberg's opinion of women in general? |
Believed women should keep to housekeeping and that they were incapable of rational deliberation |
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What were Munsterberg's beliefs about the trustworthiness of eye-witness testimony? |
Found to be not accurate and affected by other variables |
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What did Munsterberg believe about the unconscious? |
Did not believe in the subconscious, left the country in 1909 when Freud visited in order to avoid a conflict |
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What is tropism |
an involuntary forced movement |
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What is Loeb's associative memory? |
an association between stimulus and response, taken to indicate evidence of consciousness in animals |
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Who wanted to study with Loeb and why was he discouraged? |
Watson, but was discouraged by Angell because Loeb was "unsafe" |
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Who is Robert Yerkes |
started animal studies in 1900 |
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Who introduced the use of the rat maze? |
Willard S Small in 1900 |
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Who used the term behaviorism in a paper Watson reviewed and praised? |
Charles Henry Turner ; graduated from the University of Chicago |
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The name of Margaret Floy Washburn's book on comparative psychology |
The Animal Mind |
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What animals did Thorndike use? What equipment is he known for? |
Chicks; puzzle boxes |
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How did Throndike make a lot of money? |
Royalties from tests and textbooks that he wrote |
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What is Thorndike's connectionism? |
his approach to learning that was based on connections between situations and responses |
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what is trial-and-error learning? |
learning based on the repetition of response tendencies that lead to success; Thorndike called it trial and accidental success |
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What is the law of effect? |
acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation; when the situation recurs, the act is likely to recur |
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what is the law of exercise? |
the more an act or response is used in a given situation, the more strongly it becomes assiciated |
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What year did Pavlov receive the nobel prize? |
1904 |
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How did Pavlov feel about 1917 Russian Revolution and of Stalin |
he disapproved and sent protest letters to Stalin |
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What was the "Tower of Silence" |
A 3-story research building designed to prevent outside influences like noise, temp, odor |
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Who did Pavlov accept into his lab that others did not? |
Women and Jews |
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Who was Edwin Twitmyer and what did he discover? |
The knee-jerk reflex, discovered conditioned reflex |
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what did Bekhterev found? |
associated reflexes |
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what diagnosis did Bekhterev give to Stalin? |
severe paranoia |
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how did Pavlov and Bekhterev interact? |
they fought and made sport of insulting each other
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