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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is scholasticism?
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method of learning taught by the medieval universities circa 1100–1500. Originally began as attempt to reconcile ancient classical philosophy with medieval Christian theology.
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Who were the prominent scholastics?
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St. Augustine, Peter Abelard, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, above all, Thomas Aquinas
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One task of historian is to
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tease out causation from correlation
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What is the primary goal of scholasticism?
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Scholasticism was not a philosophy in itself, but rather a tool for learning. Purpose was to find the answer to questions and resolve contradictions
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What is implicit presumption about human action in history?
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Actors are free agents. They have what they consider to be good reasons for acting. Maybe not logical but behavior is to be explained by citing the motivation for that action.
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What is metaphysics?
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Investigates principles of reality transcending those of any particular science. Cosmology and ontology are branches of metaphysics. Concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.[
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How are science and history similar?
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Both historian and scientist try to establish causality.
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How are science and history different?
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1. Differ in what they are trying to explain
2. How trying to explain 3. What is the implicit model of human nature invoked in historical explanation |
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How is what history tries to explain different than what science tries to explain?
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1. historians try to explain events of social, moral, political consequence- one time events- but science tries to explain -
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What does it mean to give a historical explanation of human behavior?
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Determine goals, intentions, reasons, perceptions of those who lived thru the events in question.
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How does Kuhn see science?
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A combination of some data and some theory.
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How will we view science?
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A combination of emperical and rational approaches.
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How was science viewed in 20th century?
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A hypothetical deductive method. Combine features of logical analysis and deductive reasoning wiht benefits of observations.
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View of science in 20th century parallels which philosopher's view?
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Aristotle's syllogism
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In Artistotle's time, the essence of kind of prediction that should be derived from a scientific theory:
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if A then B. If A is the case, therefore B should be observed.
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What are the differences in history and science?
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1. What they are trying to explain
2. How they are trying to explain it 3. Presumption of human nature |
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What are the similarities in science and history?
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1. Both try to identify causes
2. Seek to be unbiased 3. Come up with |
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State the era, model, author, ism, and attributes of each section.
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1. Greco Roman 500 BC-300 AD, state, platos republic, stoicism, transcedental-impersonal
2.Judeo-Christian 300-1800 AD, imago dei, augustine's confessions, scholaticism, transcendental-personal. 3. Modern 1800-1950, machine(mechanistic), Skinner (Beyond Freedom and Dignity), scienticism, non-transcendental-impersonal. 4.Post modern, superman, Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil, existentialism, non-transcendental-personal. |
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Describe the Greek religion
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1. has no sacred text-no guidance on how to live. Creates a problem of conduct and governance
2. A civic religion- would have favorite diety church/state together but church not constrain state on how to live. |
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How did Greeks see art?
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Art as monument- tries to portray perfection. Reflects ideal to which humans should be striving.
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Overview of key dates in Greek history
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750 BC- emergence of city state
510 BC- tyrant Hippias expelled from Athens and democracy-rule by the people created. 490 BC- invading Persians defeated (at Marathon) 460 BC-429 BC- Pericles rules, Parthenon built (Golden Age of Greece), war between athens and sparta begins 401 BC- Athens surrenders to Sparta |
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Lifetimes of key individuals in Greece
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Socrates 470-399 BC
Plato 437-347 BC Aristotle 384-322 BC Alexander 356-323 BC |
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Who was credited with the idea of the academy?
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The greeks
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What were the disciplines within the academy of greek philosophy?
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1. ontology- study of what is real
2. epistomology- problem of knowing 3. ethics- problem of conduct 4. political and social theory (governance) |
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Who were some of the presocratic philosophers?
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Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoreas, Heraclitus, Protagoras
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Who wrote the Dialogues and when?
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Socrates (470-399 BC) and Plato (427-347 BC)
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What is the Allegory of the Cave?
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is an allegory by Plato to illustrate "our nature in its education and want of education".Plato imagines a group of people who have lived chained in a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows. The shadows are as close as the prisoners get to seeing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not constitutive of reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.
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what is platos theory of forms?
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"Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the most fundamental kind of reality. Only knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge.
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what are universals?
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what particular things have in common- characteristics or qualities. they are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be exemplified by many particular things
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What is Aristotle's view on causality?
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a firm grasp of what a cause is, and how many kinds of causes there are, is essential for a successful investigation of the world around us.
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Aristotle's four causes?
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four types of things that can be given in answer to a why-question:
1. The material cause: “that out of which”, e.g., the bronze of a statue. 2. The formal cause: “the form”, “the account of what-it-is-to-be”, e.g., the shape of a statue. 3. The efficient cause: “the primary source of the change or rest”, e.g., the artisan, the art of bronze-casting the statue, the man who gives advice, the father of the child. 4. The final cause: “the end, that for the sake of which a thing is done”, e.g., health is the end of walking, losing weight, drugs. |
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plato vs aristotle scientific method
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For Aristotle philosophic method is an ascent from the study of particular phenomena to the knowledge of essences
For Plato philosophic method is descent from a knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) to a contemplation of particular imitations of these. |
