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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Psyche (soul) + Logos (Study of) (around 500 BCE, Ancient Greece); Study of the soul/mind (late 1500s); Science of conscious experience (late 1800s/early 1900s); Science of behavior (early-mid 1900s); Science of behavior and mental processes (mid 1900s-current)
Identify the five definitions of psychology and, roughly, when each definition was prominent
histriography
“the principles, methods, and philosophical issues of historical research”
because the results were inconsistent with the conditioning paradigm.
1960s/70s, John Garcia could not get his taste aversion research published in top journals why?
More PhD psychologists than academic jobs plus American pragmatism caused more applied psych
What forces lead to the development of applied psychology in the US?
personalistic/great person model
– focuses on the achievements and contributions of specific individuals. The will and charisma of unique persons who alone redirected the course of history. Incorrect, everyone is influence by the zeitgeist.
the naturalistic/Zeitgeist model
the times make the person. The zeitgeist and other contextual forces must be receptive to the new work.
zeitgeist
the intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times.
truth=what works. william james; words and theories are instruments to understanding enigma's. not answers.
As a philosophy of science, what is the main point of Pragmatism?
truth=reality. popper's talk of how it is bad to side and ponder whether we exist or not.
As a philosophy of science, what is the main point of realism?
truth=Consensus. thomas kuhn; stressed the social nature of science and working within paradigms.
As a philosophy of science, what is the main point of Consensus models?
paradigm
“an accepted way of thinking within a scientific discipline that provides essential questions and answers”
Edwin G. Boring
The father of the history of psychology.
Philosophy and Physiology
Psychology was formed as a merger between these two academic roots.
St. Thomas Aquinas
separated faith and reason and made the study of nature more acceptable, showed that there could be debate regarding church dogma
Medieval view of psych processes.
historical view of understanding psychological processes characterized by anthropomorphism, animism, and panentheism.
anthropomorphism
projecting human qualities onto
nonhuman objects
Animism
attributing consciousness to nature as a whole
&/or to certain inanimate objects
Panentheism
God is the animating force, the controller of everything.
Hippocrates
rejected supernatural views of illness and Considered genetic,
biochemical, and environmental forces
Automata
machines in the 17th century that gave rise to the thought that humans are machines built by god. determinism.
Julien Offroy de La Mettrie
wrote "Man a Machine," in 1748 an incisive and witty exposition of his theory of the dependence of mind on body.
Charles Babbage
man who developed a calculating machine (the difference engine) that was a major breakthrough in the simulation of human thought.
George Berkeley
was a mentalist; thought, in relation to the mind-body problem “in the absence of a perceiving mind, the physical world does not exist”. published "A new theory of vision(1709)"
interactive dualism
Descartes' theory that the mind and body interact at the pineal gland
Monism
there is one underlying reality, either mind or body, but not both. proponents were democritus and george berkeley.
Descartes
felt that the mind and the body interacted together to a greater extent than previously thought. multidirectional interaction!
reflex action theory
decartes theory that bodily movements frequently occur without a person's conscious intention. precursor of behavioral stimulus-response psych.
doctrine of ideas
descartes' theory that the mind produces two kinds of ideas; derived and innate.
derived ideas
part of the doctrine of ideas that arise from the direct application of an external stimulus. products of the experiences of the senses
innate ideas
part of the doctrine of ideas that develops out of the mind or consciousness.
rationalism
provided our premises are correct, our ability to use reason is sufficient to provide us with the truth. The primary source of knowledge is reason. -stance of descartes
empiricism
The primary source of knowledge is to be found in experience
Positivism and Auguste Comte
The school of thought and main proponent of the following: Science as the pinnacle of social progress. All propositions must be objectively observable. Highly reductionistic: The “mind”is understood by considering chemistry and physics
John Locke
huge proponent of empiricism - Rejected existence of innate ideas. Any apparent innateness due to early learning and habit. All knowledge is empirically derived: mind as a tabula
rasa or blank slate. Sensations and reflections.
nativism
perception is innate
mental chemistry
John Stuart Mill proposed that complex ideas are generated by simpler ones; the process is not simply additive however, for “the whole is different than the sum of its parts”.
Personal Equation
effect of the observer's personality and circumstances on measurements discovered by Bessel.
Josef Gall
proposed the theory of phrenology.
Physiognomy
System of judging a person's character
from facial features.
phrenology
theory of F. Josef Gall that assumed direct relationship between brain and skull; skull contortions associated with traits.
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
theory proposed by J. Muller proposing that the mind is only aware of the world via nerves; that stimulating a nerve will always lead to a sensation characteristic of that nerve.
Case of Phineas Gage
marked the historical beginnings of the study of the biological basis of behavior.
Angelo Mosso
Italian physiologist who created the first crude neuroimaging technique by recording the pulsation of blood in the human cortex. used fulcrum to study how cognitions and emotions influence blood flow to the brain.
extirpation
an approach to studying the brain started by Hall and Flourens that involved determined the function of a given part of an animals brain by destroying it and observing the resulting behavior.
clinical method (1861)
posthumous examination of brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before the person died. discovered speech center. (paul broca)
electrical stimulation
developed by fritsch and hitzig, method that used electricity to show cerebral localization of function was demonstrable, and that electrical stimulation was extremely useful for mapping the brain.
experimental physiology firmly established; mechanistic spirit, german temperament; exactness and precision; broad def. of science; educaional reform.
why was Germany ripe for the pre-emergence of psych?
Helmoltz
a strong anti-vitalist (thought that the soul could be studied), one of the first experimentalists; his studies the senses cultivated the exper. approach to study of psych problems.
Weber
developed the 2 prick technique to study the concept of threshold. revealed a way to investigate the mind-body relationship.
Fechner
suffered from severe depression, developed psychophysics (book Psychophysik) saying the relationship between a mental sensation and stimulus is logarithmic. crossed the barrier between body and mind making it possible to conduct experiments on the mind.
1875 or 1879 at U of Leipzig
Year and place of founding of psych
He brought the empirical methods of physiology to the questions of philosophy
why wundt is the father of psych...