History Of Psych

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Naturalistic Orientation

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Looked to the physical world to determine the physical principle /element from which all life flows. These philosophers taught that life and the environment are inseparable and people are intimately involved in the universe.

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Thales

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Philosopher that suggested water is the first and life giving element because it is intrinsic to all life and is the origin of all nature as well as its final form. Also introduced mathematics and astronomy to Greek study. Also started critical tradition

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Physis

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Unifying substance in nature that serves as a basis for life

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Anaximander

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Criticized Thales' idea. Suggested that the earth is a cylinder suspended in the centre of the universe with everything else revolving around it and that the basic elements of nature can be found in the boundless space of the universe.

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Anaximenes

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The air around us (pneuma) is the life giving element in nature

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Empedocles

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Provided a link between naturalistic and biological orientations. Introduced the notion that the universe is composed of the four basic elements (water, air, earth, fire)

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Democritus

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Our knowledge relies on our senses which receive atoms from the world. Basic explanations & principle of life are found in atoms/materialism. Elementism - everything is made of more simple atoms.

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Heraclitus

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Fire is the single unifying substance that can explain the nature of change & permanence in the world. Change is the most obvious fact of nature. Fire symbolizes flux in nature. Interested in the becoming.

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Parmenides

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Argued that changes perceived in the world are superficial observations & distortions of senses. Basic fact of nature is permanence &a immobility. Fundamental principle of life - matter and it being unchanging

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Biological Orientation

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Philosophers of this Orientation emphasized the internal state & physiology of humans as holding the clue to life & placed importance on an equilibrium

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Alcmaeon

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Recognized importance of brain & clearly distinguished between sensory perceiving & thinking. Body seeks an equilibrium of its mechanisms and this explains dynamics of human activity

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Hippocrates

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Also emphasized brain in psychological processes. Contributed theory of humors. Body contains 4 humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm) & perfect health is a result of the proportionate mixture of these humors. Slides say he is father of med(?) Body has capacity to healitself, physician facilitates.

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Mathematical Orientation

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Views the physical world as untrustworthy. There is a second more permanent reality that exists in underlying mathematical relationships not available to the senses & must be discovered through intuitive reasoning. Immortal entity is life giving principle.

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Animism

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Looking at all of nature as though it is alive

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Animism

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Looking at all of nature as though it is alive

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Anthropomorphism

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Projection of human attributes onto nature

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Olympian Religion

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Belief in olympian gods who were irascible & amoral. Personified orderliness & rationality and valued intelligence - similar qualities to upper class Greeks. The soul survived death but with no memories of past life. Believed that the “breath-soul” surviveddeath, but with no memories/personality traits ofperson’s body it had occupied• This belief about death → live life to fullest

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Dionysiac-Orphic Religion

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Based on legend of Dionysus who was God of wine & sexual frenzy. Popular religion amongst the poor & uneducated. Belief was that the body is a prison until soul redeems itself (transmigration of soul).

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Theological Explanations

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Humans needed to understand, predict, and control nature so they sought understanding by explaining things in terms of spiritual causes with no clear separation between the individual and the environment

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Greek Thinkers

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The beginning of a transition from spiritual to natural explanations. Focus shifted more to the environment and natural principles and the beginning of philosophy.

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Pythagoras (math. Orient.)

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We know the world through our senses but this world is distorted & untrustworthy. There is a second more reliable & permanent reality that exists in underlying mathematical relationships that are not available to the senses and must be discovered through intuitive reasoning. Immortal entity is life giving principle

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Pragmatic Orientation

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No first principle and no objective truth. Emphasis on observations. The Sophists

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Protagoras

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(Prag) sense information is a GUIDE to knowledge, but be skeptical of assertions that generalize beyond the physical

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Gorgias

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(Prag) nothing exists except what senses perceive. Sense information IS knowledge. Reliance on sensory info, working on an operational level and skepticism

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Humanistic Orientation

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Emphasis on human beings and their unique characteristics. A soul defines the humanity of people and is responsible for intellect and will

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Humanistic Orientation

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Emphasis on human beings and their unique characteristics. A soul defines the humanity of people and is responsible for intellect and will

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Anaxagoras

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(Hum) Argued the world was initially unordered chaos until a 'world-mind' (nous) brought order and differentiated the world into 4 basic elements (like Empedocles). Placed humanity at center of life

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Humanistic Orientation

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Emphasis on human beings and their unique characteristics. A soul defines the humanity of people and is responsible for intellect and will

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Anaxagoras

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(Hum) Argued the world was initially unordered chaos until a 'world-mind' (nous) brought order and differentiated the world into 4 basic elements (like Empedocles). Placed humanity at center of life

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Nous

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A mind to oversee the world's development. Permeates all life and forms common basis that defines life itself. Anaxagoras attributed rationality & intentionality to the nous

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Socrates

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Concerned with what it means to be human. Immortality of life-giving soul defines humanity. Goal in life is to gain knowledge through logic and finding the essence of things. Truth is not personal - can be general and shared. Knowledge and morality are intimately related. Know thyself

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Plato

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Wanted to find something permanent that could be the object of knowledge which can only be attained through reason & introspection. The soul is mobilizing force in humans & brings knowledge from previous incarnations (responsible for innate ideas). Mind-Body Dualism. Basic distrust for human nature.

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Theory of Forms

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(Plato) everything in the natural world is a manifestation of a pure form (idea). What is experienced through senses is an interaction of pure form with matter and that can be grasped through rational thought.

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Deduction

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Begin with a general proposition and proceed to a particular truth (aristot)

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Induction

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Start with a particular observation and conclude with a general statement or inference that would apply to all observations.

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Aristotle

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Mind-Body Dualism - The body receives info at primitive level and gives existence to soul. Soul is the life-giving element of all living things

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10 Categories of Utilization of Soul (Aristotle)

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Substance• Quantity• Quality• Relation • Activity• Passivity• When• Where• Position• Dress (unique human category)

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Syllogism

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(Aristotle) Uses logical argument (syllogism) to test a proposition - All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true

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“Instead of being called Homo sapiens, we humans could more accurately be named Homo psychologicus”

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Nicholas Humphrey

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Rationalists

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Those supporting permanency

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Empiricists

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Those supporting change

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Dualistic universe

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Abstract/permanent and empirical/changing

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The Apology by Plato

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An account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens.