History Of Photography

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What is a Daguerreotype?

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etching on light sensitive silver plated piece of sensitized copper that can hold an image

"mirror with a memory"

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when was the invention of photography?

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1839

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Daguerre, Bulovard Du Temple, 1838. Daguerreotype

-1st successful photograph of a human figure

-one of his most famous photographs

-only reason the person was in it because they stayed there long enough (busy street)

-one of his few surviving early photographs

Daguerre, Bulovard Du Temple, 1938. Daguerreotype

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Why did Henry Fox Talbot invent photography

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He couldn't draw

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Henry Fox Talbot. Leaf of a Plant, 1844. Salted Paper print from a paper negative

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Henry Fox Talbot

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-is a dude

-invented Calotype : positive negative on photo paper

-could be reproduced

-Wrote the Pencil of Nature (possibly first photo book)

-Calotype were less detailed which some people preferred

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Joseph Nicephore Niepce, (View from the Window at Le Gras), 1826/7. heliograph.

-earliest known surviving photography of nature

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Heliograph

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asphalt as a coating on

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Anna Atkins. Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions, 1843-53. Cyanotype. Sevenoaks, England. Halstead Place.

-First published photo book

-wrote typographical notes on images themselves

-Sir John Herschel invented cyanotype but Anna Atkins is known for it

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Sir John Herschel

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-coined the term photography

-invented the cyanotype

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What happened in the 1870's-1880's

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-invention of silver gelatin process

-1888 Kodak invents first mass produced camera

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What did Archibald Reese invent?

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-forensic photography

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Alphonse Bertillion

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-invented the 2 part mug shot (1913)

-wanted to categorize everything

-criminologist, believed measurements could tell how much of a criminal someone was

-anthropometry

-eye colour, eyebrows, ears ,noses (things that would not change)

-wanted to categorize and catch repeat criminals

-invented crime scenes from birds eye view

-system promotes stereotypes, bias not scientific facts

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How was photography used medically ?

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-used as a tool for diagnostic

-capturing mental illness, behaviour that was 'out of the norm'

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Hugh Welch Diamond, (1809-1886) about 1850-1886. Albumen silver print

-women diagnosed as hysterical

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Paul Regnard

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Book, 3 volume series: Iconographic Photographic de la Sal Petriere (1876-1880)

-photos were used as proof of biological deviance from the norm

-beginning of the interest of society

-system of categorization for hysterical women

-oppressing women

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Ethnography

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-illustration of composite portraiture, the Jewish Type

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"Illustrations of Composite Portraiture, The Jewish Type", By Francis Galton, The Photographic News, 1885

-racist

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How was photography used to protect upper class in victorian society?

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-used to identify the savage of society

-women, children, Irish, poor, criminals, labourers

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JT Zealy, Renty. 1850. Daguerreotype.

-Renty was African born slave

-Colombia South carolina

-visual evidence to show the difference between White Europeans and black African Americans

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Edward Curtis, Sioux Chiefs, 1905. Albumen print

-albumen print (Alie's Hair)

-Edward Studied the North American Indian

-did not want to accurately depict their lives, wanted to romanticize them

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William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door. 1844, salted paper print from paper negative

-thinking more of composition

-implication of a narrative

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What Makes a Photograph 'Art'? (1850's)

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-creative expression

-made by an 'artist'(as opposed to amateur or professional)

-intrinsic value (not otherwise functional)

-displayed in a museum or gallery

-sold on the art market

-in the history of art

-our subjective and cultural experiences and judgements

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(sepia photo with tree)

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Philip Henry Delmonte, The Great Nave. Crystal Palace, 1854.

-first time photography was used to document a major event

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The First Photo Exhibition

London Photographic Society Exhibition. Victoria and Albert Museum, 1850

-first photo exhibition

-shown like a 18th/19th century salon painting exhibition

-stereoscopic viewers on tables

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William Henry Fox Talbot, Copy of a Lithographic Print, before May 1844, salted paper print from paper negative

-photocopy

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Roger Fenton, Rievaulx Abbey, 1854. albumen print from a glass negative.

-where is he standing?

-study of architecture

-not traditional view, elevated

-beginning of pictorialism

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Camille Silvy, River Scene, 1858, albumen print from two glass negatives.

-made from two negatives, one exposed for sky and land

-almost impossible to with one negative because of exposure of sky and land

-people don't want to think that people manipulate the image

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Oscar Gustav Rejlander, The Two Ways of Life, 1857, carbon print

-you breathe out carbon dioxide to live aka two ways of life

-made from 32 negatives

-break from reality photographs

-propose an understand the world

-morality tale, vice and virtue

-obviously staged

-people don't want to think of photography manipulation

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Julia Margaret Cameron, Sadness. carbon print. 1864.

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Julia Margaret Cameron, Julia Jackson, 1967.

-virginia wolfs mom

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Lady Clementina Hawarden, Study from Life. albumen print from wet collodion negative, 1864

-ripped corner because they were ripped out of photo album

-uses windows as mirrors

-uses two daughters

-never sold photographs in life time

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Wet Collodion Processes

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-uses glass plate negative

Steps to do it

-coat glass

-sensitize glass

-put in camera

-expose in 10-15 minutes otherwise its ruined

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Peter Henry Emerson with T.F. Goodall, The First Frost. from Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads, c.1885 platinum print

-wanted to show how the eye sees and not what the camera sees

-didn't believe in straight documentary photography

-human view, human vision

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Pictorialism

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-international style and aesthetic movement

-1885-1915

-began in Britian and spread to Europe and North America

-developed in opposition to amateur photography

-forge a relationship photography and fine art painting

-aesthetic beauty was more important that documentary faithfulness

-distance from reality, soft focus, environmental screens, filters

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Modernism

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-photography spread into culture and everyday life

-rejection of pictorialist photography

-rejection of soft focus and texture in favour of sharp straight photography

-crisp lines

-machine age

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Alfred Stieglitz

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-opposed to pictorialism

-wanted to make a name for Photography in America

-formed a following of art photographers

-pictorial photography was not real photography but a ignorant imposition

-had gallery that not only showed photographs but also sculptures

-made a publication called 'Camera Work' 1903-1917

-Little galleries of the photo succession, gallery in New York

-showed recent art from around the world (in little gallery)

-saw modernism as a new era of art photography

-the first hipster

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Alfred Steiglitz , The Steerage, 1907. Photogravure

-not exactly beautiful

-claimed first modernist photo

-sharp

-different planes

-published in his own magazine

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Alvin Langdon Coburn. The Octopus, 1912. Platinum print.

-more focused on shapes of space rather than shapes themselves

-soft focus but modern subject

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Paul Strand, Wall Street, 1915. from camera work, 1916, Photogravure.

-paul strand was focus of last issue of camera work

-focused on politics of photos and how they can change out perspectives of the world

- NYC is being developed at a massive speed and how does our relationship to the city change

-nothing in the past is being drawn from this

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Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917.

-rejected from art exhibition

-brought it to stieglitz who photographed it and put it in an issue of camera work

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Modernism and Photography as Mass Medium

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-modernist photography embraces the printed page as the primary sight, this is understood through sets, sequences, juxtapositions, archival assemblies,

-not singular images but bodies of work

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Alexander Rodchenko, Fire Escape with a Man, 1925. gelatine silver print.

-crazy angle

-not a way you would usually look at it

-influenced by magazine, mass media

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Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Bauhaus Balconies, 1926

-part of bauhaus

-expressing new look of world

-graphic lines

-literacy of the future will be ignorance of photography

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Bauhaus

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-Minimalist, Function and form unified and using new materials

-buildings look super industrial

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Eugene Atget, Pendent :'Eclipse, 1912.

-frick you surrealist

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Dada and Surrealism

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-anti anything

-surrealism started in 1931

-dada is interested in the chance

-throw paper ' oh just glue this there'

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