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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Anton vanLeeuwenhoek

Describedprotozoaand bacteria and

Recognized that such microorganisms might

play a role
Gregor Mendel
invisibleinternal units of information account for observable traits (factors=GENES) are passed from one generation to the next.

Louis Pasteur

investigated silkwormdisease and established that diseases can

be transmitted from one animal to another

Friedrich Miescher

successfullyisolated nuclein, a compound thatincludes nucleic acid, from pus cells obtained from discarded bandages.

Walther Flemming

discovered mitosis

DNA

isolatedfrom the sperm of trout found in the Rhine River.

Robert Koch

investigated anthrax and developed techniques to


view, grow, and stain organisms.


ChristianGram

Ferdinand Cohn

Carl Weigart

Hugo DeVries

Erich Von Tschermak


Carl Correns

Converging on DNA

Mendel'swork was rediscovered

Walter Sutton

HUMAN GENETICS born

chromosomesare paired and may be the carriers of heredity.


"factors"are located on chromosomes

Edmund Wilson


Nellie Stevens

separate X and Y chromosomes determine sex.



Y=Male


X=Female

William Bateson


Reginald Punnett

Modifier gene


genesmodify the action of other genes.


Thomas Hunt Morgan

fruitflies definitefunction in heredity

mutationtheory

Wilhelm Johannsen

coined the terms: Gene, Genotype, Phenotype

Gene

describethe carrier of heredity

Genotype

describethe genetic constitution of an organism

Phenotype

describethe actual organism, which results from a combination ofthe genotype

and the various environmentalfactors

Thomas Hunt Morgan

basisof modern genetics: genesare carried on chromosomes



Drosophilafruit flies





Thomas Hunt Morgan

inheritedcharacteristics that are usually linked as caused by the breaking ofchromosomes sometimes during the process of cell division.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Loci

beganto map the positions of genes on chromosomes of the fruit fly

Lawrence Bragg

discoveredthat X-rays can be used to study the molecular structure of simple crystallinesubstances.

Herbert Evans

found(incorrectly) that human cells contain 48 chromosomes
Eugenics in US
ImmigrationAct of 1924

Southern and EasternEurope on the grounds of suspected genetic inferiority.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Published

'Thetheory of the gene”




Mendelian genetics based onbreeding studies and optical microscopy.

Herman Muller

X-rays genetic mutation in fruit flies


(1,500x quicker)




wayto induce mutations, an important tool for discovering what genes do on theirown.

Frederick Griffith

roughtype of bacterium changed to a smooth type when an unknown "transformingprinciple" from the smooth type was present.

DNA

the molecule that carries heritable information

X-ray Crystallography

Proteinsand DNA were studied in various labs with __________


George Beadle


Edward Tatum

ONE GENE ONE ENZYME


experimentedwith Neurospora, a mold that grows on bread in the tropics.

Erwin Chargaff

"Chargaff's Rules"


Alleles

contribute trait

Natural Regulation

repair

James Watson


Francis Crick

manuscriptdescribing the double helix structure of DNA.

George Otto Gey

developedthe HeLahuman cell line.
Henrietta Lacks
diedin 1951 of cervical cancer.

usedto develop the polio vaccine

Francis Crick


George Gamov

workedout the "central dogma" explaining how DNA functions to makeprotein.

Francis Jacob


Jacques Monod

established theexistence of genetic regulation


Repressorand Operon

James Watson


Francis Crick


Maurice Wilkins




Rosalind Franklin

Noble Prize

Marshall Nirenberg
Heinrich Mathaei


Severo Ochoa

geneticcode "cracked"



threenucleotide bases = codon (in mRNA)


determine 20 amino acids

Arthur Kornberg

naturalviral DNA

5,300nucleotide



tRNA

pairs with codon carries anticodon -->> amino acids

Ribosome (in ER)

protein synthesis

Peter Duesberg


Peter Vogt

firstoncogene in a virus


SRC gene

Roussarcoma virus



totrigger tumor growth has since been implicated in many human cancers

Paul Berg

FIRST RECOMBINANT DNAMOLECULE

isolatedand employed a restriction enzyme to cut DNA

ligase
used _____topaste two DNA strands together to form a hybrid circular molecule.

Bruce Ames

developed testto identify chemicals that damage DNA.

Ames Test

widelyused method to identify carcinogenic substances

J. Michael Bishop


Harold Varmus

oncogenes appear on animalchromosomes, and alterations in theirstructure or expression can result in cancerous growth.

Genetic engineering
man-madegene was used to manufacture a human protein in a bacteria for the first time

Philip Leder


Timothy Stewart

patentfor a genetically altered animal, a mouse that is highlysusceptible to breast cancer
Adenosinedeaminase (ADA) deficiency
first gene therapy

four-year-old girl with an immune-system disorder ____________

HumanGenome Project
internationaleffort to map all of the genes in the human body
"geneticdog tag" program
U.S. Army begins collecting blood and tissue
Kary Mullis
polymerasechain reaction (PCR)
Flavr Savr tomato
firstgenetically engineered food product

Dolly

Sheep Cloned


adult ewe

Nuclear transfer

involvestransferring the complete genetic material (the DNA contained in a nucleus)from one cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose own nucleus has been removed.

embryonic stem cells
grailof molecular biology

Purine

Adenine


Guanine

Pyrimidine

Thymine


Cytosine