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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anton vanLeeuwenhoek |
Describedprotozoaand bacteria and
Recognized that such microorganisms might play a role |
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Gregor Mendel
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invisibleinternal units of information account for observable traits (factors=GENES) are passed from one generation to the next.
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Louis Pasteur |
investigated silkwormdisease and established that diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another |
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Friedrich Miescher |
successfullyisolated nuclein, a compound thatincludes nucleic acid, from pus cells obtained from discarded bandages.
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Walther Flemming |
discovered mitosis |
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DNA |
isolatedfrom the sperm of trout found in the Rhine River.
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Robert Koch |
investigated anthrax and developed techniques to view, grow, and stain organisms. ChristianGram Ferdinand CohnCarl Weigart |
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Hugo DeVries
Erich Von Tschermak Carl Correns |
Converging on DNA
Mendel'swork was rediscovered |
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Walter Sutton |
HUMAN GENETICS born
chromosomesare paired and may be the carriers of heredity. "factors"are located on chromosomes |
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Edmund Wilson Nellie Stevens |
separate X and Y chromosomes determine sex.
Y=Male X=Female |
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William Bateson Reginald Punnett |
Modifier gene genesmodify the action of other genes. |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
fruitflies definitefunction in heredity
mutationtheory |
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Wilhelm Johannsen |
coined the terms: Gene, Genotype, Phenotype |
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Gene |
describethe carrier of heredity
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Genotype |
describethe genetic constitution of an organism |
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Phenotype |
describethe actual organism, which results from a combination ofthe genotype and the various environmentalfactors |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
basisof modern genetics: genesare carried on chromosomes
Drosophilafruit flies |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
inheritedcharacteristics that are usually linked as caused by the breaking ofchromosomes sometimes during the process of cell division.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Loci
beganto map the positions of genes on chromosomes of the fruit fly |
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Lawrence Bragg |
discoveredthat X-rays can be used to study the molecular structure of simple crystallinesubstances.
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Herbert Evans |
found(incorrectly) that human cells contain 48 chromosomes
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Eugenics in US
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ImmigrationAct of 1924
Southern and EasternEurope on the grounds of suspected genetic inferiority. |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Published
'Thetheory of the gene” Mendelian genetics based onbreeding studies and optical microscopy. |
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Herman Muller |
X-rays genetic mutation in fruit flies (1,500x quicker) wayto induce mutations, an important tool for discovering what genes do on theirown. |
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Frederick Griffith |
roughtype of bacterium changed to a smooth type when an unknown "transformingprinciple" from the smooth type was present.
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DNA |
the molecule that carries heritable information |
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X-ray Crystallography |
Proteinsand DNA were studied in various labs with __________ |
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George Beadle Edward Tatum |
ONE GENE ONE ENZYME experimentedwith Neurospora, a mold that grows on bread in the tropics. |
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Erwin Chargaff |
"Chargaff's Rules" |
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Alleles |
contribute trait |
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Natural Regulation |
repair |
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James Watson Francis Crick |
manuscriptdescribing the double helix structure of DNA.
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George Otto Gey |
developedthe HeLahuman cell line.
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Henrietta Lacks
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diedin 1951 of cervical cancer.
usedto develop the polio vaccine |
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Francis Crick George Gamov |
workedout the "central dogma" explaining how DNA functions to makeprotein.
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Francis Jacob Jacques Monod |
established theexistence of genetic regulation Repressorand Operon |
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James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin |
Noble Prize |
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Marshall Nirenberg Severo Ochoa |
geneticcode "cracked"
threenucleotide bases = codon (in mRNA) determine 20 amino acids |
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Arthur Kornberg |
naturalviral DNA
5,300nucleotide |
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tRNA |
pairs with codon carries anticodon -->> amino acids |
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Ribosome (in ER) |
protein synthesis |
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Peter Duesberg Peter Vogt |
firstoncogene in a virus
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SRC gene |
Roussarcoma virus
totrigger tumor growth has since been implicated in many human cancers |
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Paul Berg |
FIRST RECOMBINANT DNAMOLECULE
isolatedand employed a restriction enzyme to cut DNA |
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ligase
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used _____topaste two DNA strands together to form a hybrid circular molecule.
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Bruce Ames |
developed testto identify chemicals that damage DNA.
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Ames Test |
widelyused method to identify carcinogenic substances
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J. Michael Bishop Harold Varmus |
oncogenes appear on animalchromosomes, and alterations in theirstructure or expression can result in cancerous growth. |
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Genetic engineering
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man-madegene was used to manufacture a human protein in a bacteria for the first time
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Philip Leder Timothy Stewart |
patentfor a genetically altered animal, a mouse that is highlysusceptible to breast cancer
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Adenosinedeaminase (ADA) deficiency
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first gene therapy
four-year-old girl with an immune-system disorder ____________ |
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HumanGenome Project
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internationaleffort to map all of the genes in the human body
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"geneticdog tag" program
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U.S. Army begins collecting blood and tissue
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Kary Mullis
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polymerasechain reaction (PCR)
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Flavr Savr tomato
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firstgenetically engineered food product
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Dolly |
Sheep Cloned adult ewe |
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Nuclear transfer |
involvestransferring the complete genetic material (the DNA contained in a nucleus)from one cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose own nucleus has been removed. |
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embryonic stem cells
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grailof molecular biology
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Purine |
Adenine Guanine |
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Pyrimidine |
Thymine Cytosine |