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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the building of the Parthenon a mark of?
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the end of the Delian league
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What city was the most wealthy city in all of the greek world?
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athens
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Why did athens build all of its temples and builidings? What was the capital known as?
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Athens built all of their builidings and temples for the good of the polis and athens was known as the Imperial capital
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How long did it take to finish the temple of zeus?
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hundreds of years
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What are three examples of builidings constructed in Athens?
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The parthenon, the temple of zeus and the temple of hephaestus
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What were non-greeks believed to be?
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barbarians
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What did Aristotle believe all human beings were?
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political animals
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what was the center of greek life and culture?
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the polis
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where were many famous Greek plays performed?
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the theater of Dionysus
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What was dionysus the god of?
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wine and parties
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How often were plays performed at the theater of Dionysus?
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2 times a year
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How many people would watch the plays on average?
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thousands
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What did each play consist of?
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3 tragedies and a comedy
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Name the three greatest playwrights?
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aeschylus, sophocles, and euripides
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What is the time setting of most of the plays?
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the trojan War
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What are two common thems of the plays?
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jealousy of the gods and glory of man itself
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Considering that the polis watched the plays also, what were the plays known as?
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a form of poiltical art
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What was considered the most important theme in a tragedy?
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right vs. morally right
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While all the plays are being produced what is going on whithin the city of Athens?
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there is a war going on
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Who was one of the most important figures in the peoponesian wars?
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Pericles
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Where was the birthplace of democracy?
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greece
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What is "The History of the War" and who was it written by?
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funeral oration that discussed democracy by pericles
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What was Pnyx?
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a common assembly place to discuss very topics
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For the first 50 years of their existance how was greek political structure set up and what did it become after that, before becoming a democracy?
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monarchy and than a hoplite democracy
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What did wide-open demoracy entail?
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all male citizens were voters
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In early Athenian democracy who was voting strcitly limited to?
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pure athenians
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Rather than everyone having a say in the government how did sparta set up their government?
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they had a council of elders and a king but everything was odne for the good of the community
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Why did pericles think that athens more relaxed behavior made them better at everything?
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b/c they had a better value of life and knew what they had to lose.
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How long did the board of officials stay in office and could they be reappointed?
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1 year; yes
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What did the Board of Officials do and who is one of the most famous one?
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they kept everything in order; pericles
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How did the board of officials pick the "board of 500"?
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they picked names out of a hat
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In sparta, why were there no elections?
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they didnt want any one person to be too powerful
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what was the system of Ostraka?
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people wrote names of epople they believed were getting too powerful on a piece of pottery; if someones name appeared too many times they were considered dangerous and sent into exhile for ten years
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what is the agora?
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a marketplace of ideas and open debate
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what was debated in the agora and what is it the birthplace of?
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theories and concepts were debated and it is known as the birthplace of philosophy
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what were sophists?
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philosophers; public intellectuals that taught people how to give persuasive speeches
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Why did Socrates hate Sophists?
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he hated that they were taught to and that they taught people to give equal arguments on wrong ideas
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When athens started to become greedy and ambitious what did socrates blame it on?
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democracy
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who wrote the allegory of the cave?
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socrates
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Why did Socrates dislike democracy?
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he felt it put power in the hands of the commoners
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How often was the great Parthenaia festival held?
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every four years
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What happened during the Great Parthenaia festival? Who was the patron god and what was the patron god given?
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it was a big festival and parade from the city to Athenas temple; she was given new robes
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What did subject states give to Athena during the Great Parthenaia festival?
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baskets of silver
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What are two examples of the clash between political self expression and the marketplace of ideas?
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antigone by sophocles and "socrates apology"
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What is the the major clash in Sophocles's Antigone?
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being caught in between family duties and the duties of the state
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What is the major conflict in Sophocles's Apology?
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Sophocles was caught in between the freedom of speech and the hate that he had for good speakers sways people in the wrong direction
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What does Socrates execution tell us about democracy and freedom?
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although he didnt like the democracy he still followed the rules and killed himself when the government told him to do so
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Why was Socrates sentenced to death?
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for supposedly not following the same gods and teaching children his wrongful belief system
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What were the two marks of the end of the Golden Age?
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Socrates death and the end of the Peloponesian war
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What ultimatly brings unity to the greeks?
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the need to defend their Greekness; near conquest by outside forces brings unity among them
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Who was the King's Peace with?
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Persia with the Greek world
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What did the King's Peace declare for the Greek world?
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that all greek cities are free and autonomous
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Who enforced the King's Peace the most?
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Sparta
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Who did thebes have to defeat to take control of the Greek world?
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Sparta
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The decade that Thebes ran the greek world was known as?
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Theban Hegemony
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Where did Phillip II get the basis for his fighting techniques?
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he lived in Thebes when it was flurshing and got his fighting techniques from them
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Who united the lowlands and interior maecdon and sucessfully united macedon?
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Phillip II
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What were the two major improvements of Phillip II army to theban armies?
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spears were twice as long and he intorduced calvery forces
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What was the name of the Theban and Macedonian fighting technique?
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phlanx
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Who was demosthenes and what did he want?
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he was a politician that wanted to preserve athenian power and was very anti-phillip
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Who was Isocrates and what did he want?
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he was a sophist that wanted all of the greeks to team up and defeat the persians; he wanted to defeat the persians so badly that he wrote to Phillip for help to defeat the persians
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What battle did Phillip war that granted him access to central Greece?
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battle of chaeronea
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What is the Battle of Chaeronea known as?
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the end of greek freedom
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After Phillip II invades the Greek world and beats the "Sacred Bond", what does he form?
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The League of Corinth
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To counter Phillip II's attack what did thebes form? Which city was not apart of the this?
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The "Sacred Bond"; Sparta
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Why did Phillip II form the League of Corinth?
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he wanted to unite Greece and attack Persia
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Who was Phillip II's son?
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Alexander the great
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rather than constant warfare, how did Phillip II build alliances?
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he married many times
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How was phillip II killed?
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he was killed by his own bodyguard
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Who was glad that Phillip II was killed?
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mainland Greece (Thebes and Athens) and Macedonia
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What did Alexander the Great do once he became the new king?
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he invaded many countries such as, Thrace, IIlyria and Thebes to show who was boss
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What kind of tecknique did Alexander use for the battle of Granicus?
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hoplite warfare on horseback
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Who was Aleaxnder's idol?
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Achilles
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What did Alexander have his soildiers do after the Battle of Granicus?
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he had the soildiers take the enemies armor and deicate it to the god Athena
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What did Alexander have the greeks inscribe the enemies armor with after the battle of granicus?
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From all the Greeks who fought, except for the Spartans
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What did Alexander do to the Gordian knot?
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he cut it rather than untying it
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Who did Alexander defeat in the Battle of Issus?
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the Persian King Darius III
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Why did Alexander kill and mutilate darius III's sucessor?
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If he killed th person who killed Darius and he avenged Darius than he was the rightful sucessor of the kingdom
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Why did the Macedonians resent alexander?
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he became more of eastern king and started wearing pants
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why did Alexander kill his dear friend Cleitus?
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Because he told alexander that all of his worth was because of his father
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Why did Alexander lay seige on persopolis?
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to show vengence to Darius III for running in fear
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What did Alexander's troops do after they defeated various Iranian armies in arab and India?
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they refused to fight and go forth any longer
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What did Alexander make all of the soildiers that quit fighting do?
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he made them go back home through uncharted territory
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Who does Alexander marry?
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Roxane
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Why did he order his soildiers to take Persian brides?
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to create double relationships to Persia and unify the empires
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When Aleaxnder and his wife had a child what were its three races?
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greek, macedonian, and afghan
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What were the Epigoni?
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it was a division created before Aleaxnder's death to teach Persian nobility to fight like macedonians
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What happened to Alexander's kingdom after his death?
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It was broken into many pieces
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What is hellinism?
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greekness/ Greek culture
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Who was supposed to govern Alexanders kingdom un til Alexander's son came of age?
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Ptolemeis
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Who had the idea of splitting up Alexander's original kingdom?
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Ptolemeis
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Who came the closest to reuniting Alexander's old kingdom?
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Seleucids
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After Aleaxnder's death, waht spread to every cornor of his old kingdom?
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greek culture
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Who ran egypt after Alexander's death?
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Ptoemines
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Who ran the Near East after Alexander's death?
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Seleucids
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Who ran Greece and Macedonia after Alexander's death?
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Antogonids
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What was the dominant culture in Macedonia for the first 270 years after Alexanders death?
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Hellenistic ~ Greek
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Who were threatned by the mainly Hellenistic rule?
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The romans
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Who wrote the "Handbook of the Philospher"?
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Epictetus
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Who wrote "ethics"?
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Aristotle
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Who did aristotles tutor?
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Alexander
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What was the diffrence between Aristotles "ethics" and Epictetus's "Handbook of the Philosopher"?
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aristotle was more interested in servicing the polis and Epectitus was more intrested in the new realities of being ruled by a mighty figure rather than a polis
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What year is the major dividing line between the Republic and the empire?
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31 BCE
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who was the first emperer of the Roman empire?
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Caeser Augustus
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Who was Caesar Augustus adopted by?
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Julius Caeser
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Who did Scipio Africanus defeat?
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Hannibal of Africa
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What is libertas?
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Political freedom from rule of kings
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What is fides?
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fidelity (always faithful)
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what were the five major Roman political and social values?
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libertas, fides, war, religion, and political ambition
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Why was central italy an advantageous position?
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there was a lot of trade traffic on the Tiber river
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Which two peoples shared a marketplace in south italy?
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Etruscans and Greeks
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What were the etruscans particularly good at?
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drainage
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what is the fasces? and who was it inheritated from?
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symbol of royal power; Etruscans
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Who fought the whole Etruscan family?
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Horatius
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Who burnt off his right hand in a refusal to talk to the etruscans?
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Mucious
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Who was Rome's last king?
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Tarniquinuis Superbus
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Who was rome's first consul?
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Marcus Brutus
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Who made up the consuls? How long did they stay in power and how many were there at any given time?
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cheif magistartes and generals; one year; and 2
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What were the people and what did they do?
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the citizen body that voted in assemblies
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who was the senate and who long did they serve?
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the council of elders; lifetime memberships
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which governing body had the most power in rome?
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the senate
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what three thigns was election required for?
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laws petitions and war
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What governing body were the consuls also in?
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the senate
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What gods did the romans believe they were decendants of?
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Mars, the war god
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Who did the Romans form an alliance with to overtake the Etruscans and hill peoples?
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Latins
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What did the fetial Priests have to do before any war could be declared?
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he had to chant exactly the same way and order and go to the border; if there were no disruptions than war could be declared
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What battle made the Romans so paranoid?
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the battle of Allia
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Who rescued the city of Rome by chasing off the Army of gauls?
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Camiluis
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What did Camilius do for the city of rome?
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he chased off the Army of gauls
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What were Roman conqured peoples and places expected to do for the city of Rome?
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be loyal
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What was romes technique of befriending all of its conqured lands called?
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defensive imperialism
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What relationship was the social glue of roman society?
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the patron-client relationship
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In roman culture, waht was nobility based on?
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accomplishment
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What did wearing the death masks childrens recently deceased fathers instill in them?
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to instill a desire to be great like their fathers
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Who wiped out the carthegians?
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Africanus jr.
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When the Greeks became unruly under roman rule, what did the romans do?
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they destroyed corinth
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What two wars confronted the hellenistic powers?
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the "macedonian wars" and the "syrian wars"
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How did Rome attain Asia?
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the romans had a friend in asia that left them the land when he died
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What was the ruling class after the expulsion of the kings in rome?
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the patricians
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What were the commoners known as in Rome?
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pleblians
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All new members of the Roman republic enetered which social class?
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pleblians
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As the pleblians became more numerous what did they demand?
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more rights
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What was eventually established due to the Pleblians wanting more right?
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the tribunes
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what three things did the Pleblians gain after the Patricians started sharing political power with them in the form of the Tribunes?
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more marriage rights, more leadership and more power
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what two places were the first punic wars mainly fought?
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in sicily and at sea
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In the first punic wars what kind of power was rome?
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a naval power
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What is the corvus?
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a roman naval invention; a grappling hook
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Why did Rome break the treaty they had with carthage and invade sicily?
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it was so close to their other greek colonies
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What two places did rome gain from the first punic wars?
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sardinia and sicily
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In the second Punic wars what did hannibal fight with?
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big troops, calvery, and a force of elephants
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Who rescued rome in the second punic war?
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P. Cornelius Scipio
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In the second punic wars, who came very close to destroying rome and detaching all of its allies?
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hannibal
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In second punic wars, what was hannibal able to do?
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Get a lot of roman allies on his side
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What two things were forced upon Carthage at the end of the second punic wars?
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they were forced to sign a strict treaty and a lot of their land was taken away
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Why did Rome attack Carthage in the thrid punic war?
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on the premise that they broke the treaty
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Who led the attack against carthage in the thrid punic wars?
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another P. Corneilius Scipio
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Who constantly posted propaganda that Carthage must be destroyed?
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Marcus Cato
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What was the mark of the end of Roman maniless and the beginning of luxuary?
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the end of the thrid punic wars and the horrible defeat of the Carthegeans
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Who did the romans trust to take care of themselves?
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the greeks
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What did many Romans make a living doing?
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farming
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What are latifundias?
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large estates in rome
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What are Ager publicus?
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public land
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Why did the poor, middle class farmers and many war veterans of rome become outraged?
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they were going into debt and the more wealthy peoples were able to buy up their farm land
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What did the Roman Agrarian problems do?
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weaken the army and the state
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In order to gain more political success what did Tiberius Gracchus join?
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the council of the tribunes
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When Tiberius Gracchus became a member of the tribunes what law did he want to pass?
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a law to break up landowners farms to stop people from monopilizing
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How did Tiberis Gracchus die?
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he wa sclubbed to death by members of the senate
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When Gaius Gracchus became a member of the Tribune of of the pleblians what kind of legislation did he try to pass?
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he wanted people to be able to relelected to the senate for multiple terms
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How did the senate react to the both the Gracchus brothers legislation pursuits?
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they were both met with opposition and both of them were killed
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who were the populares?
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people who appealed to the publicus
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Who were the optimates?
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the best of the society
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Which general wanted to reengineer roman political mistakes?
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Sulla
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What rule Roman general marius eliminate?
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armies no longer needed to be bought but now armies can recruit anyone
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After client armies were legalized, why were armies more obssessed with winning?
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to gain land and spoils for the army
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Why were the new client armies bad for rome?
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the followers were so endowed to the general that they would even fight against rome
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What did the claim for forign territory lead to whithin the republic of rome?
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a civil war between sulla and marius
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Who won the cicil war and went abroad to fight for Rome?
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Sulla
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What did sulla come up with?
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prosciptions
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what are proscriptions?
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identifies enemies of the states and can have them exhiled or killed
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How long did Sulla serve as a dictator?
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1 year
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What kind of fixes did Sulla make to the Roman constitution?
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technical, non-helpful fixes
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Who were the members of the 1st Triumvarate?
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caeser, pompey, and crassus
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Prior to the formation of the 1st triumvarate, what did Pompey want the senate to do?
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pass a law that allows him to retire his soildiers
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Prior to the formation of the 1st triumvarate, what did Caeser want the senate to do?
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pass a law that allowed him to be the governor of Gaul
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Who did the 1st triumvirate get to pass laws for them?
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the pleblians
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Why did Pompey end up aligning with the senate?
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Caeser was away for so long in gaul
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What happened when caeser returned from gaul?
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he overtook the senate and pomepy and became dictator
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How and where did caeser die?
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He was assaisenated in the theater of Pompey
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Who is the adopted heir of Juluis Ceaser?
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Augustus
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What are the two other names that Octaviaus is known by?
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Octavian and Augustus
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Who are the three members of the second triumvirate?
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Octvian, Marc Anthony, and Lepidus
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What were the three goals of the second triumvarate?
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vengence for the death of ceaser (now that octavian is his son he needs to avange him), justice, and political advantage
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The second triumvaratestime period is known as what in Roman history?
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one of the most bloody phases of roman political history
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Why is Marcus Cicero known as the last defender of the Republic?
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he revealed Anthony's moral failings and revealed the second triumvarates plans
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What position did the second triumvarate demand to become?
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consuls
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In the second triumvaratewho took over syria, arabia, egypt, greece and asia minor?
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Anthony
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Which member of the second triumvaratetook on the war against the parthians?
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anthony
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WHich member of the second triumvarate took on sicily, africa and the west?
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Lepidus
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Which member of the second triumvarate took the old kingdom?
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ocatavian
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Who did marc antony have a great alliance with?
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egypt
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Who did Octavian get on his side?
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romans and italians
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Who did octavian beat antony and cleopatra in the battle of actium?
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He trapped Antony's army whithin a bottleneck
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The battle of octavian vs. cleoptra and antony is known as what?
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the battle of actium
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What was a sign to the roman people that caeser approved of Octavian?
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the star of julius
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What are the two things Octavian did to transform rome?
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he transformed himself into a dignified emperor and he created a whole new system of governement
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How did octavian leave rome?
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more splendid, emperioal and powerful than before
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After his amazing accomplishments, what was octavian known as?
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Imperator caeser divi filius augustus
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What is the only powerful title octavian ould accept being called besides his elonged name?
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Princeps
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what does princeps mean?
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he had a lot of authority
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What were the two legs of octavians power?
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the proconsuler imperium and the Tribunician power
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What did Octavians legs of power put him in control of?
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proconsuler - rule over the proconsulers on civilian side
tribunician - in cgarge of tribunes |
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What did Octavian want the senators and governement to think by him not holding any political offices?
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he wanted to think that they were still in charge
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Which three provinces did octavian solely rule and why did he choose to rule them?
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gaal, germany and syria; because they had armies
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Where did octavian forbide members of the senate to go w/o permission?
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egypt
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What did augustus want the next ruler to do when he died?
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promise to not expand the territory any furthur
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Why was penetration of germany costly for Octavian?
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an entire army in cluding one of his close friends was killed
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What was the anme of the first Roman Dynasty?
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Julio-Claudian Dynasty
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What was it called when the ruler would no choose his son to be his heir but rather choose someone he felt was more suitable?
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political adoption
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Which dynasty set the pattern for future dynasties?
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Julio-Claudian Dynasty
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How were good rulers identified after death?
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there were deified/ deification
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What were the five members of the Julio-Claudian ynasty in order?
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Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, and Nero
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Which two rulers in the Julio-Claudian Dynasty were removed from office?
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Nero and Claudius
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How long did the first Roman dynasty last?
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about 100 years
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what was palatine hill known as? what did it have?
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the emerald city; a hippodrome
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What is a hippodrome?
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a round/oval for hourse racing
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What does Domus Aurea mean?
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the golden house
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Who was the Domus Aurea built for and what was it a symbol of?
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Nero; Rome's Splendor
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Where was the Domus Aurea?
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heart of the urban core of the city
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Who was the great fire of 64 AD blamed on?
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Nero
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Who did Nero blame the great fire on?
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the chistians
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What were the two forms of Roman punishment for the Christians?
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throwing them to the beast or burning them alive
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What did the Chritians torture lead to?
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the gladiators
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How did many critics see the "blood sports"?
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they saw it as bread and circuses . . . a frivolus waste of money
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to influence trade what did rome build?
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an extensive network or roads.
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What does Pax Romana mean?
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Roman Peace
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what did the romans do that led to the Pax Romana?
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they pushed back their borders to decrease the amount of rebels; to keep the empire peaceful and stable.
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What did the Romans network of roads influence? (2)
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more communication and commerce
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what did the strong hand of Roman Rule influence during the dynasty era? (2)
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promoted stability and higher standards of living.
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What three things unite rome during the dynasty era?
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a uniformed system of coins, rules and laws
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Who did the Greeks identify with after Phillip I and Alexander?
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the romans
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What is the most commonreason for the dynasty to end?
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a degenerate ruins it for that particular ruling class
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who does a ruler have to have good relations with to be remebered as a good ruler?
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the senate
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Which Roman emperor had great relations with the senate (besides for Augustus)?
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Trajan
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Who is the reason Christianity was introduced to the Romans?
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Pompey
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Who is the King of the Jews?
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Herod
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What town did the Jews build?
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Ceaseria
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Which emperor was in charge when Jesus came into power?
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tiberius
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Who was Pharrisees?
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jewish rabi
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Who was Sadducees?
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Jweish Rabi
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what did Pharrisees and Sadduces believe?
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that their was corruption whithin the Jewish temple and that since the kings did not fully condone the religion that they must revolt against him
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What are the two real meanings of apocalypse?
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unveiling; great revelation of mystery
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What did the essenes believe and what did they do about?
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they believed the end of the world was coming soon because the world was so corrupt so they removed themselvesfrom it altogether and went to go live out in the deserts
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What are the essenes most like in the present day?
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monks
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What wiriting told of the end of the world and the new annoited ruler?
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the dead sea scrolls
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Who wrote the dead sea scrolls?
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the essenes
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Who is the messia of David?
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the one who wouuld come to chastise the jews enemies.
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Who had a simliar view as the essesnes?
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John the baptist
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What was Jesus's major view?
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equality for all
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What did the roman authorities think of jesus?
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they thought he was a revolutionary, that his teachings were confrontational and that he should be punished
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Why were Jesus's teaching controversial?
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he taught of equality which is not conducive fro an emperor like rule
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What did Jesus do to show that he thought the temple was corrupt?
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he went to jerusalem during passover and kicked over the money changer
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Who is pilate?
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the roman governor of Judea
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What did Pilate have done to Jesus?
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execution by cruxification
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who were the three gospel writers?
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matthew, paul, mark, and john
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What was the earliest that the gospels could have been writeen?
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60-70 CE
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In what year was the distress of the Jews at its peak?
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60 CE
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Due to the distress in the jewish community, what happened?
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the jews revolted and killed roman soildiers
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Who led an army attack against Jerusalem?
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Vespasian
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Why did Vespasian leave Jersulaem before fully defeating it?
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to see if he could become emperor
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Who burned down the jewish temple and had it looted?
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Titus
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what was the mark of the end of the convenant?
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the burining doen of the temple by titus
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What did many believe was the beginning of the New testament?
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the cruification of jesus
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What did Nero Caesar's name add up to?
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66 6
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Who was incorporated into the christian beliefs?
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greeks and romans
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Who was very influential in the teachings of christianity?
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Paul
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