History - Germany

Front 1

Triple Entente

Back 1

France

G.B

Russia (civil war)

USA

(Italy)

Front 2

Triple Entente - problems

Back 2

Distance

Language barriers

France vs Britain

Front 3

Triple Alliance

Back 3

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy (Triple Entente)

Front 4

Triple Alliance - problems

Back 4

Language barriers

Germany's isolated

Front 5

The Big 3

Back 5

Britain - David Lloyd George:

>Needs money (America)

>Wants revenge (France)

France - George Clemence

>The tiger

>Wants revenge

America - Woodrow Wilson

>World peace (how?)

Front 6

Germany's punishments - ToV

Back 6

Land --> mines

Army

Money --> £6.6 billion reparations

Front 7

Germany's Revolution

Back 7

Overthrow Govt.

Kaiser abdicated (tram > Holland)

No one in charge > Anarchy

No laws, No police

Front 8

Violence

Back 8

Friekorps vs Communists

Ex soldiers Sharing

(Tov, angry)

Front 9

Where did the Govt. run away to

Back 9

Weimar

Front 10

Weimar problems

Back 10

>>Proportional Representation

(A voting system)

"Fairness"

% of votes = % of seats (Too many parties, Coalitions, chaos)

>>Article 48

President takes total control ONLY in emergencies

What he says = law (Undemocratic)

>>Govt hated by:

Com, Frie, Army Leaders, Nationalists (Nazis)

>>Fear of Govt.

Made a deal with army --> Uprisings

Front 11

Economic Problems

Back 11

Hyperinflation (v. v. fast rise in prices)
£1 = £100,000

Money became worthless <--> Print more money

No taxes, Immigration (USA), Death (WW1)

Front 12

The Ruhr

Back 12

Germany couldn't pay reparation

Mainly owed France --> Took possessions

Invaded Ruhr --> Coal mines

Result = Germany struggled more

Front 13

Gustav Stressman

Back 13

Chancellor

New currency - Rentenmark

-Stability returns

-Loans from America

-Voting for extreme parties (Nazi's)

Front 14

Dawes plan

Back 14

Reduced Germany's debt

Front 15

Young plan

Back 15

Reduce Germany's debt by 75%

Front 16

1929

Back 16

Wall Street Crash

Stressman died

Front 17

The beginning of the Nazi party

Back 17

German workers party

Right wing

>>Aims:

-Aryans

-Classless society

-Business profit restriction

2 years = Hitler becomes leader (good speaker, ToV)

Front 18

25 point programme

Back 18

Union of all Germans - Greater Germany

All newspapers are German

Front 19

Munich Putsch

Back 19

"Overthrow"

>>Events:

1. Khar, Seissar, Lossow held at gunpoint

2. Promised support - released

3. S+L change minds

4. Gather troops to fight back

5. Hitler loses

6. Hitler arrested

Front 20

Hitler's Trial

Back 20

Nationwide publicity

Hitler against Weimar + ToV

Weimar and ToV hated nationally

Hyperinflation

Support of Ludendorf (former commander in chief)

9 months reprieve (less harsh sentence)

Front 21

Mein Kampf

Back 21

Strong dominate weak

ToV

Jews cause all ills

Lebensraum - Living space (A greater Germany)

Front 22

Bruning

Back 22

Center party

V. unpopular

Chancellor - No majority win

Relied on Article 48

>WSC:

Germany in ruins

Can't get a loan

Suspension of 6.6 billion

Front 23

Nazi members

Back 23

>>Rohm:

Leader of SA

Himmler's enemy

>>Goeballs:

Head of propaganda

>>Himmler:
Head of SS (Secret police, Gestapo)
Rohm's enemy

Front 24

Bamberg Conference

Back 24

Hitler's way to regain control in Nazi party

>>Removed potential rivals

(Rohm resigned)
>>Gave friends key jobs

(Goeballs)

>>Created SS

(Himmler) - Bodyguards

>>Hitler youth

Targeting kids / teens

= Membership increased, seats decreased

Front 25

Wall Street Crash

Back 25

Economic crisis

Voters turn to extreme parties (Nazi's)

America recalls loans

Countries stop buying German products

Factories shut down = Rise in unemployment (6 million)

People unable to pay rent

Rise in suicides

Front 26

Hitler's Role

Back 26

>Clear consistent messages - Blame Jews, Communists, November criminals (Weimar)

>Make Germany great again

>Uses his background - War hero, Ordinary man

>Offered something to everyone:

Working class = "Work and bread"

Industrialists + Businessmen = Keep communists out

Front 27

Rise to power + Von Papen

Back 27

>Nazi's have momentum - v. strong propaganda + leader

>Constant change in Govt. - Bruning + Von Papen

>No overall winner in election

>Hitler demands to be chancellor

Von Papen is deputy (Control Hitler, control Nazi ideas)

>Support from Industrialists, Army, Nazi supporters

>>Jan 1933 = Hitler becomes chancellor

Front 28

Reichstag fire

Back 28

>Parliament burned down

>Blamed on Van Der Lubbe :

A communist

Mental age of a 7 year old

>People feared communists

>Communists blamed for everything (arrested for nothing)

Front 29

The Enabling Act

Back 29

>>How was it passed?

Communist MP's not allowed to vote

SA intimidated members entering the chamber

Absentees counted as voting "for"

Promises to catholic center party (No interference to Catholic schools)

>>What did it do?

All other political parties banned

Suspension of Civil Liberties (Eg: Can be arrested for no reason)
Trade unions banned

Censorship created (No freedom of speech)

Control of Press

Front 30

Night of the Long Knives

Back 30

>Operation Hummingbird

>Blood purge

>Final removal of opposition to Hitler (400 killed)

>Getting rid of old Nazi party: SA, Rohm - working class (Enabling act),

>Favoured the SS

>>Everyone fears Hitler

Front 31

Nazi's and Young People

Back 31

>>Hitler youth:

"Not" compulsory - Pressured to join

80% joined

Focused on fitness, craft work and speeches from Nazi members (Propaganda)

>>Education:

History = rewritten (Germany won WW1)

Girls = Cooking, homemaking + childcare

Biology = Aryans superior

Front 32

Nazi's and Women

Back 32

>>Nazi ideas:

Motherhood

Old fashioned

No real employment

>Loans to encourage marriages - encourage population explosion (To make more soldiers)

>Medals for children - Bronze for 4, Silver for 6, Gold for 8

>>3 K's (Kids, Church, Cooking)

Front 33

Nazi's and Workers

Back 33

>>Nazi's reduced unemployment:
Govt. build - Schools, Builders, Motorways

Army - Breaks Tov, From 100,000 to 1.4 mil

Re-arm Germany - Planes, Guns, Tanks

RAD - Young men, Plant trees, Simple pay

>Tricks:

Women and Jews excluded from unemployment list

Front 34

Strength through Joy

Back 34

>Workers and their families - Bonding

Leisure activities - Sports, Films, Trips

>But w/ Nazi message - ToV, Jews

>Enabling act kicked in - No trade union, replaced by D.A.F - "Represents German Workers"

Front 35

Nazi's and Undesirables

Back 35

>Wouldn't work - Tramps, Beggars (500,000) - Sent to CC's

>Couldn't work - Physically or mentally disabled (300,000)

>Didn't fit "normal" families - Gays - experimented on (15,000)

>Wouldn't be loyal to H - Communists, Religious groups

>Not Aryan - Blacks, Gypsies (500,000) Jews

Front 36

Nazi Opposition

Back 36

1.Communists:

Restore democracy

Freedom of speech

Workers rights

>>How?

Secret meetings

(400) Strikes

Anti Nazi graffiti

>>What happened?

CC's

Beaten into silence

Killed

Arrested

Forced "underground"

2.Churches:

90% of Germany

Influential

Some actively support, Some against

>Made deals - Enabling act

>>Reich church - Hitler run churches (pastors loyal)

Broke enabling act (Church schools closed, Christian youth groups closed)

3. Army officers:

Powerful

Aims: replace H (Similar to Rohm)

Assassination

4. Young people:

The Edleweiss Pirates - rebellions

Working class

Few 100 in every big city

>>Aims:

To have fun

Drink

Have sex

Beat up Nazi's

>>What happened:

Infuriated H

Rejected Nazi ideas

Front 37

WW2

Back 37

>>Blitzkrieg:

"Lightning war" - a quick war

>>Autarky:

"Self sufficiency" - Independent (Eg: rations)

>>Initial impact:

Community encouraged to help war efforts

Hitler youth - Collect metal for recycling

Children evacuated

Front 38

Changing the role of Women

Back 38

Originally work from home (3K's)

More and more work in industry

Men go to fight - labour shortages

More women need to work - Nazi's reluctant

Front 39

Total War

Back 39

Involves everyone

Men - soldiers

Women - Industry

Civilians - Bomb threat

Children - Evacuation

>>Volkssturm - The peoples home guard:

Defend G's cities

Provide own supplies (weapons)

Lacked experience

Poorly trained

Low morale

Some members of Hitler youth

Front 40

Germany at the end of WW2

Back 40

>Early = v. Good

>Failure in Russia = the start of total defeat for Germany

GB,France,USA --> G <-- Russia

>D-day = huge loss of life for both sides

>Germany retreats from France

>France is liberated

Front 41

The fall of Germany

Back 41

>Starts w/ fall of Berlin

>End of Nazi rule

>Hitler commits suicide

>Germans surrendered

>Nazi's glee, or captured (many leaders)

Front 42

Nuremberg trial

Back 42

>Nazi leaders on trial

>Lead by different judges (GB,USSR,USA,FRA)

>Most found guilty - executed/imprisoned

Front 43

Germany after WW2

Back 43

>Problems of WW1: winners didn't take over, ToV failed

>This time different: Allies take over

2 peace conferences

>Yolta

>Potsdam

Front 44

Yolta

Back 44

>In Russia

>Before end of war (Feb 45)

>USA, GB, Russia

>Divide G (and Berlin) into four zones

>Hunt down Nazi's

>Free elections

Front 45

Potsdam

Back 45

>In Germany

>After war (July 45)

>USA, GB, Russia

>Same as Yolta

>But banned the Nazi's (Free elections??)

>Out leaders on trial

>Denazification

Front 46

Germany (and Berlin) in 4 zones

Back 46

>Separated into East and West

>Have to have papers to pass borders

>Cross USSR to reach your part in Berlin