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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zoroastrianism |
the official religion of ancient Persia |
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Avesta |
the main text of Zoroastrianism |
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augurs |
Roman priests in charge with interpreting signs from gods |
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dies fasti/nefasti |
good and bad days for business in the Roman calendar |
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Mithras |
mystery cult from Persia |
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Sol Invictus |
cult of the Unconquered Sun |
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Arianism |
Christian heresy stating that Jesus was human |
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Monophysitism |
Christian heresy that Jesus was only god |
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Kush |
Egyptian name of kingdom of Nubia |
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Apademak |
lion-god of Meroe |
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Mapungubwe |
South African kingdom flourished between 11th-13th c. |
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Jenne-Jeno |
most important center of West Africa on the Niger River |
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Kumbi-Saleh |
capitol of the Kingdom of Ghana |
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Sundiata |
(1230-1255) founder of the Mali empire |
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Mansa Musa |
(1312-1337) most famous ruler of Mali |
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Quetzalcoatl |
most important god of Mesoamerica |
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quinoa |
local grain from Mesoamerica |
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Chavin |
important culture of Peru preceding the Moche |
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Chan Chan |
the coastal capital of Chimu |
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Hokoham |
north american culture displaying mesoamerican influence |
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The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |
an anonymous work by a Greco-Egyptian of the first c. AD concerning the exchange network developed in the Indian Ocean |
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dhow |
Muslim ship |
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Gujarat |
kingdom in Western India under the control of the Delhi Sultanate |
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Cambay |
Most important trade center of Gujarat |
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Swahili |
eastern coast of Africa |
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ibin Battuta |
(14th c.) most famous Muslim traveler who left detailed account of travels |
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Kilwa |
most important town of the Swahili coast |
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Wen and Sai |
two rulers of the Sui dynasty |
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Chang'an |
Tang capital of China |
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Kashgar and Khotan |
most important trade cities of the Uighurs |
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Battle of the Talas River |
751 major batter lost by the Chinese to Muslims |
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Liao Empire |
successor of the Tang in northern China |
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Tanggut Empire |
successor of the Tang in NW China |
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Khitan |
people related to the Mongols who created the Liao state |
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Jurchens |
people of eastern Asia who replaced the Liao Empire |
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Kaifeng |
Capital of Song China |
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Hangzhou |
capital of Southern Song China |
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Zhu Xi |
Confucian thinker in 12th c. |
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Chan Bhuddhism |
emphasize medatation |
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Koryo |
dynasty that unified Korea |
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Chapa rice |
rice from Vietnam exported to China |
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Nara |
early capital of Japan |
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Fujiwara |
most powerful Japan clan (8th-12th c.) |
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Tale of Genji |
written around the year 1000 by the noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu |
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Kamakura Shogunate |
state created in Honshu, dominated Japan from the 12th c.-14th c. |
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bushido |
code of honor employed by the samurai |
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sepukku |
honorable death |
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Sasanian empire |
Persia in Late Antiquity (3rd to 7th c.) |
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Kaa'ba |
pre-Islamic and Islamic holy site of MEcca |
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Khadija |
Muhammad's first wife |
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Fatima |
Muhammad's daughter |
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Hijra |
Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina 622 AD |
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umma |
the community of the faithful |
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Abu Bakr |
the first caliph |
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hadiths |
collection of traditions regarding Muhammad's teaching |
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Aisha |
Muhammad's wife, daughter of Abu Bakr |
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Sira |
stories of Muhammad's military victories |
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Ummaya |
took power from Muhammad's clan in mid 7th c. |
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Shia |
sect of Islam, followers of Ali and Fatima |
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Sunna |
mainstream Islam by Aisha |
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Muawiya |
most important Ummayad caliph |
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Abu-Abbas |
founder of Abbasid dynasty |
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Abd al-Raham |
last surviving member of Ummaya family |
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Dhimmi |
people of the book |
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mamluk |
Turkic Muslim took control of Baghdad. Later stopped the Mongol expansion in 13th c. |
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Seljuks |
Turkic Muslims took control of Baghdad after mamluks |
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Mamun the Great |
813-833 one of the greatest Abasid caliphs |
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Fatimids |
clan of Shiites 919-1171 |
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Mahdi |
Savior in Shia doctrine, last imam |
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Buyids |
Persian clan who took control of Baghdad |
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Moazarabs |
"Arabized" Christians in Spain |
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Almoravids |
Berber dynasty 1056-1147 |
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Almohads |
Berber dynasty 1147-1238 |
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Al-Razi |
a Persian scientist, wrote a 20 volume compendium of all medical knowledge |
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Avicenna |
Muslim scholar, systematized all medical science in early 11th c. |
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Averroes |
Muslim scholar, reconcile philosophy and the Quran 12th c. |
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sharia |
Islamic law |
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ulamas |
local scholars specialized in legal issues |
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madrasas |
institutions of higher education in the Muslim world |
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Sufis |
group of missionaries, mystical union with Allah. created brotherhoods in all major Muslim towns |
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al-Ghazali |
influential Sufi thinker |
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Nika |
"Victory" in Greek |
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Belasrius |
Justinian's most successful general |
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Ostogoths |
Germanic people who took control of Ital at the end of the 5th c. |
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Lombards |
Germanic people took control of Ital at the end of the 6th c. |
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Heraclius |
610-641 Byzantine emperor defeated Sasanian Persia but was defeated by Muslim Arabs |
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Idonoclasm |
"breaking icons" issued by Leo III against religious icons |
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Clovis |
founder of Merovingian dynasty in Frankish kingdom |
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Neustria |
western half of Frankish kingdom |
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Austrasia |
eastern half of Frankish kingdom |
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Battle of Poitiers |
732 battle won by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel against an Arab army invading from Spain |
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Irene |
Byzantine empress who almost married Charlemagne |
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Lindisfarne |
monastery of Britain sacked by Vikings in 793 |
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Pope Urban V |
called the first Crusade at the end of the 11th c. |
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Saladin |
united Muslim world against crusaders and retook Jerusalem |
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Basil II |
976-1025 successful Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty |
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Battle of Manzikert |
1071 major battle won by the Seljuk Turks against the Byzantines; the Byzantine Empire lost most of Asia Minor |
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Alexius Comnenus |
the Byzantine Emperor who called Urban V for help, lead to the First Crusade |
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Nicaea |
Byzantine capital after Constantinople was took by the crusaders in 1204 during the infamous Fourth Crusade |
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Photios |
Byzantine patriarch most active in disputes with the Papacy |
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filioque |
The Orthodox creed states that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father while the Catholics added the word filioque, meaning "and from the son;" created a major dispute between the two churches, led to the Great Schism of 1054 |
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czar Boris |
Bulgarian king converted to Orthodox Christianity |
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Vladamir |
Russian prince converted to Orthodox Christianity |
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Moravia |
kingdom in central Europe disputed by the Pope and the Patriarch; eventually Moravia converted to Catholic faith
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Philip IV |
1285-1314 French King who placed the foundations of the French modern state, strong bureaucracy, called the first meeting of the French Parliament |
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Jacques de Molay |
Great Master of the Templar order burned at the stake by Philip IV |
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conclave |
council of cardinals who elect the Pope |
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Unam Sanctam |
document issued be Pope Boniface VIII at the beginning of the 14th c. in which he reasserted the authority of the Pope above kings |
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Avignon |
town in southern France where Papacy moved in 1309 |
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Gascon |
an English possession in western France, one of the reasons for the Hundred Years' War |
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Orleans |
first major victory of the French |
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Jacquerie |
major peasant revolt in France in 1358 |
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Temujin |
real name of Genghis Khan |
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Karakorum |
capital in Mongolia founded by Genghis Khan |
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Khanabliq |
"city of the khan" near Beijing served as Mongol capital in China |
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Hulagu |
grandson of Genghis Khan responsible for Mongol expansion to Muslim world |
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Ilkhanate of Persia |
Il-Khan means "subordinate khan," Mongol state which replaced the former Abbaside Empire |
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Batu |
Genghis's grandson responsible for expansion in Eastern Europe |
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Subotai |
one of the most brilliant Mongol generals and Batu's right hand in his European campaign |
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Alexander Nevsky |
1236-1263 prince of Novgorod, a city which narrowly escaped the Mongol onslaught because the rainy Spring of 1238 made the terrain impracticable for the Mongol cavalry |
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Battle of Liegnitz |
1241 Mongols defeat German army |
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Ogodai |
Genghis grandson and Great Khan |
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Mongke |
grandson of Genghis Khan became Great Khan after Ogodai and was a brilliant administrator facilitating communication and trade between East and West. |
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Timur |
known as Tamerlane in Europe, a Muslim Turk who took Genghis Khan as model and created a large empire with the capital at Samarkand in Central Asia |
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Zhu Yuanzhang |
leader of the Red Turban Movement, the rebellion against Mongol rule in China; claimed the Mandate of Heaven and founded the Ming dynasty; ruled under the name Hongwu (1368-1398) |
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Yongle |
(1403-1424) - Ming emperor who returned the capital to Beijing and built the Forbidden City. Yongle also restored commercial links with the Middle East and began a program of exploration in the southern seas for commercial purposes |
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Lorenzo de Medici |
"the Magnificent" - his rule is considered the most flourishing period in the history of Florence, a time of great cultural growth, which made Florence one of the most important centers of the Italian Renaissance |
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Nicolo Machiavelli |
worked as a diplomat in Florence and later wrote his famous work The Prince known for its political pragmatism |
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doge |
(duke) - ruler of Venice first appointed by the Byzantine emperor and later elected by a great council |
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Guangzhou (Canton) |
one of the most important trade centers of China where many foreign merchants operated |
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Zheng He |
a Muslim eunuch with family ties in Persia who became the trusted advisor of emperor Yongle and led the famous expeditions in the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433 |
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Ceuta |
major trade center of Muslim Morocco conquered by the Portuguese in 1415. This assault combined aspects of a religious crusade with the desire to make a profit and gain access to the trans-Saharan trade routes |
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Bartolomeu Dias |
Portuguese; was the first to circumnavigate the continent in 1487-88 |
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Vasco da Gama |
Portuguese; led an expedition around Africa in 1497-98 |
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Pedro Cabral |
at the head of a Portuguese fleet he sailed too far west by mistake and reached South America in 1500; claimed Brazil for the Portuguese crown |
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Fernando Magellan |
made the first voyage around the South American continent and into the Pacific in 1519; Europeans realized how far away India and SE Asia really were |
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Nahuatl |
language of Aztecs |
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Chichen Itza |
northern lowlands of Yucatan, flourished from 850 to 1000 |
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Itzcoatl |
1428-1440 Aztec leader who emerged as the dominant figure in a regional system of alliances |
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Viracocha |
the creator god of the Inca |
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Inti |
sun god of the Inca |
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Pachacuti |
1438-1471 Inca ruler who expanded |
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ayllu |
small Inca communities run by local leaders who were responsible for collecting the contribution for the Inca ruler, called mit'a |
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charqui |
jerky |