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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_________________ is a medieval political system in which lords and _____________ exchange protection, land, and titles for service and loyalty.
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1. Feudalism, Vassals
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2. Feudalism was necessary for protection from _______________, because kings weren’t strong enough to control battling _____________, and in order to pay for knights by __________ of land.
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2. Vikings, Nobles, Grants
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3. The _____________ started in AD 1095 when the medieval society began a holy war to take Jerusalem back. They were started by Pope _________________ in order to increase his authority over the ________________ of Europe, direct violence away from Europe, to defeat Islam, and to expand _____________ power in the Middle East.
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3. Crusades, Urvan II, Knights, Christian
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4. The 1st Crusade started when the ________________ Empire called out for help against the ____________. Though when thousands of men, women, and families showed up to help regain the Holy Land, they were turned away. _____________ lead the 1st Crusade, and after 3 years, captured the city of _____________. Unfortunately, he and the crusaders killed everyone in the city. Pope __________ died before receiving the news.
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4. Byzantine, Turks, Godfree, Jerusalem, Urvan II
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5. The _________ Crusade started in 1187, when Saladin attacked the Crusaders because they attacked Muslim trade routes (they __________ the traders). Saladin and his troops won because the Crusaders were ________ and without __________. To make matters worst for the Crusaders, Saladin set __________ to the grasslands around. Renalds (who was in charge of the torture and attack) was ___________ by Saladin. The Turks easily took over _____________.
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5. 2nd, tortured, hot, water, fire, killed, Jerusalem
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6. In the 3rd Crusade was the ____________ (lead by Richard I, who later became known as _________________) against the Turks. The Crusaders were able to take over ___________ in 1911, but Saladin fought them off at Jerusalem. Richard then asks for Jerusalem nicely. Saladin says “___________”, but allows ________________ to live in Jerusalem.
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6. English, Richard the Lion-heart, Acre, no, Christians
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7. In the 4th Crusade, the Crusaders conquer _______________. Unfortunately, the ________________ recapture it, though this makes them too weak to withstand an attack from the ___________. The Turks take over Europe (up to ____________ where their siege is overturned). The Turks leave Europe so fast that they leave their ______________ behind.
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7. Constantinople, Byzantines, Turks, Vienna, coffee beans
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8. In the Children’s Crusade, 10,000 Children from __________ try to conquer _____________, but instead are sold into slavery by North African ___________.
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8. France, Jerusalem, Traders
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9. The Bubonic Plague (AKA the _______________) was caused by ________ and their fleas. It spread very fast because of ___________ and those fleeing the disease. It ended because the _________ and people died, and because of genetic ___________.
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9. Black Death, rats, traders, rats, immunity
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10. The Effects of the Bubonic Plague were…
a. ___________ of Europe’s population died b. ___________ power declined c. economic __________ d. Cheap __________ labor becomes scarce i. This cause greater __________ equality |
10. 1/3, church, decline, peasant, social
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11. Feudalism declined…
a. when power went to the commoners and the _________ b. when the Vikings converted to _____________ c. when the nobles gave away their ___________ (to commoners) and _______________ (to the kings) to go crusading d. when nobles died fighting (their land then went to the king) e. when the government became more _____________ (thru common law in ____________, large armies and land for the king, and the kings winning battles against the nobles) |
11. king, Christianity, land, fighting forces, centralized, England
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12. The _________________ (or French for “rebirth”) started in the 1350s and ended in the 1550s. It was a time of learning and ____________ (inspired by Greek and ___________ ideas). Those of this time believed in ________________ (or a philosophy that puts high value on the abilities of mankind), and had a desire for realist _____________, less emphasis on ____________ themes, and more confidence and value in ____________.
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12. Renaissance, culture, humanism, art, religious, mankind
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13. Innovations of the Renaissance were...
a. “The ____________”, by Machiavelli, which encouraged rulers to use _____________ and deception if necessary b. The Printing Press, which was used to print the 1st mass-produced book, or the __________ Bible c. lots of genius _________________ d. the ______________ Man, which was detailed, realistic, applicable to real life, proportional, mathematical, and an example of ____________ perfection |
13. Prince, force, Gutenberg, painters, Vitruvian, human
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14. The Reformation began because…
a. the __________’s power declined b. the clergy were corrupt, ____________, and ignorant (which angered sincere Catholics) c. the ______________ climate (from the Renaissance) caused people to question ancient ____________ d. ___________ translations of the bible and new philosophies flooded into Western Europe from the east (after the fall of _____________ to the Turks) e. \__________________’s salvation experience and study of the bible lead him to challenge the practices and __________ of the Catholic Church |
14. Church, immoral, humanist, institutions, Greek, Constantinople, Martin Luther, doctrines
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15. Martin Luther wrote the _____________, which explained _____________ (the bible alone is the source of ultimate truth), _____________ (salvation is thru faith alone), and the purposes behind the protestant church.
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15. 95 Thesis, sola scriptura, sola fide
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16. This Catholic Church counter reformed by…
a. reforming church practices b. eliminating ______________ (forgiveness of punishment sold by the Catholic Church) c. clarifying its theology and had priests say mass in ___________ d. reestablishing the __________’s power e. making an ________________, which found and tried Protestants f. said the church alone interpreted the ____________ g. had ___________ (training schools), which helped to better educate priests and help them follow a strict code of honor h. spread Catholicism to the young thru the _______________ |
16. indulgences, Latin, Pope, Inquisition, bible, seminaries, Jesuits
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17. The Counter Reformation converted many back to _____________, but large sections of Europe stayed _____________.
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17. Catholicism, Protestant
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18. Types of Protestantism…
a. Calvinism i. Started by ______________, Calvinists believed in ______________ (god determines the fate of everything), simple worship, and a representative government b. Presbyterianism i. A type of _________________ c. Baptists i. These Protestants believed that only ____________could make a free and informed choice to become Baptists. So you were not baptized until you were older. ii. Since they denied the government to direct their lives, they took over a city. It was the first time that _______________ and _______________ united in order to save the city. |
18. John Calvin, predestination, Calvinism, adults, Catholics, Lutherans
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19. In the 1500s, _____________ was ruled by Henry VIII, who had 6 wives. The first was _____________, who bore Mary I. When Henry fell in love with _____________ and wanted a divorce from Catherine, the Pope refused. So Henry excommunicated the church and formed ___________________________. Soon after being remarried, Henry fell in love with __________________, who bore Edward VI. Henry then stated that Anne had committed ________________, so she was beheaded. Henry was, again, remarried. When Edward VI was born, his mother died in child birth. Next Henry married ______________________ to strength English Protestant ties, but because she and Henry hated each other, they divorced. Katherine Howard was next, but she really did commit _________________. She was beheaded. Henry’s last wife was _________________, a smart woman who Henry enjoyed talking with. Henry died before this wife did. (divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived)
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19. England, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, the Church of England, Jane Seymour, adultery, Anne of Cleaves, adultery, Katherine Parr
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20. _______________ claimed the throne after Henry VIII, but he died 6 years later at age 15. He was ________________. ________________ ruled for the 10 years following. She was Catholic. Known as “Bloody Mary”, she killed many protestant priests. “The Virgin Queen”, or __________________, ruled next. She wanted the Church of England to look Catholic but be Protestant. She reigned for 45 years.
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20. Edward VI, Protestant, Mary I, Elizabeth I
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21. England soon gets in to a fight with __________________ (CSE), because its emperor (Charles V) is mad at England for divorcing Catherine of Aragon (Charles’ aunt). Both countries began to look for resources in the ______________________. Spain is looking for _________ to pay for their wars, where as England is looking for ______________ for raw materials. In 1588, _________________ smashes the ______________ Armada at the Battle of Gravelines. This spreads and grounds _____________.
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21. Catholic Spanish Empire, New World, gold, land, England, Spanish, Protestantism
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22. When the Spanish entered the New World, they began to take over the lands of the ______________, who lived in Mexico, and the Inca, who lived in ___________. The Aztecs’ capital was ______________ and they sacrificed about 3 humans a day in order to feed the ________. They had water canals as _____________, many __________ classes, and a _______________ language. When Cortez came looking for gold, it was given to him. Though wanting more, he kidnapped ________________, the emperor. The emperor was killed though (by either his people or Cortez), and when the ____________ began to fight the _____________, Spanish soldiers ran for their lives. Unfortunately, they drown in the canals because their clothes had been stuffed with ____________.
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22. Aztecs, Peru, Tenochtitlan, sun, roads, social, pictographic, Montezuma, Aztecs, Spanish, gold
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23. Five months later, the Spanish burned Tenochtitlan. They won because…
a. the Spanish had better _______________ b. the Aztecs fought to capture for ____________, not to kill like the Spanish c. the Spanish had _____________ d. the Spanish made allies with the tribes that the Aztecs had ____________ e. the Aztecs thought Cortez was a _______________ |
23. weapons, sacrifice, horses, conquered, god
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24. The Scientific Revolution began after the Reformation. One important thinker of this time was ___________________, who said “Cogito, ergo sum” (or “I think, therefore I am”). Other important thinkers included…
a. ________________ i. who thought that since God gave us senses, we should us them to find out more about our environment b. ______________ i. discovered the laws of motion |
24. Rene Descartes, Galileo, Newton
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25. The ______________ was an extension of the Scientific Revolution in which people could see the world in the light and clarity of science and reason, rather than tradition and superstition. Important thinkers of this time included…
a. _________________ i. believed humans where naturally violent and disorderly, so they should turn their rights over to the government and should not rebel b. ________________ i. thought humans where born “tabula rasa”, or ________________________, and that we learn from experience ii. also believed that if the government does not protect our rights, then we should ________________ c. ________________ i. wanted freedom of religion and press d. ________________ i. thought that human nature was good, but institutions made us unnatural and evil ii. we should live simply and naturally |
25. Enlightenment, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, blank slate, rebel, Voltaire, Rousseau
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26. In the 1700s, the French had a rigid social system. The _____________ where at the top, followed by the ____________, and the ________________. The ______________ where also part of the 3rd estate, but made less money. The ____________ made the most money.
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26.Clergy, nobles, bourgeois, peasants, nobles
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27. The French Revolution started in the 1700s when the hungry French ____________ revolted against the rich _______________. The effects included…
a. it provided an _________________ for future revolts b. it was beginning of the _____________ of monarchies c. begins a shift in thinking, learning, and understanding (called a ______________ shift) d. showed that Hobbes was right (people should not ______________) |
27. peasants, nobles, example, decline, paradigm, revolt
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28. ________________ took over France after the Revolution. When the Pope crowned him though, he showed he had more power by taking the ____________ himself and placing it on his head. His reforms included…
a. appointing officials himself b. letting the government control _______________ (which was good!) c. created the ________ of France (which controlled bank loans) d. made every citizen pay _____________ e. brought the ______________ under control f. made the ___________________ (a unified system of laws using knowledge of the Enlightenment) g. made laws clear and consistent and everyone _____________ He also made peace with the Catholic Church by saying that he got to decide the _____________ of the clergy, who the bishops were, and that the church _____________ belonged to him. |
28. Napoleon, crown, education, bank, taxes, economy, Napoleonic Code, equal, salary, lands
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29. Napoleon decided to invade ______________ in 1812 in order to gain land. He leaves in summer and does not get to Moscow until ____________. Unfortunately, the whole city is vacant. The French army are about to leave when Moscow is set on _________. Winter sets in, trapping the French. Slowly, all the soldiers begin to ______ because of starvation, dehydration, cold, and random attacks from the _____________________. Napoleon arrives in France with 30,000 out of the 600,000 men he started with. Soon, France is attacked by surrounding nations. Napoleon is put in _________. Months after he escapes and restarts his reign, the __________________ defeats his army. Napoleon is sent to an island off the coast of ____________.
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29. Russia, October, fire, die, Russian armies, jail, Duke of Wellington, Africa
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30. A Nation is a large group of people that have sufficient __________________ to identify themselves as one ___________. They don’t have to have a ______________.
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30. commonalities, people, government
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31. After the Spanish were defeated by the English, they expanded their rule over South America. They spend much of their resources looking for _________. Needing to make America profitable, they started the ___________________ (when land and its inhabitants are granted to Spanish noblemen). These wealthy noblemen from Spain were known as ______________. Beneath them were the ____________, who were of European descent but born in America. The ____________ followed after. They were a mixed Spanish and Native American descent. Pure Native Americans, called _______________, where at the bottom of the social classes.
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31. gold, encomienda system, Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indígena
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32. The countries taken over in South American wanted their independence. Some Unique things about each revolution where…
a. Haiti i. ____ successful uprising in Latin America ii. __________ fever helped them win by killing French Soldiers b. Mexico i. Lead the earliest uprisings against ______________ ii. Revolts lead by _______________ c. South America i. the revolutionaries took advantage over Spanish armies, who were weak from battling the _______________ ii. took the longest to liberate d. Brazil i. gained independence without blood shed ii. only South American country to stay a _____________________ iii. the _____________ lead the revolution |
32. 1st, yellow, Spain, Priests, French, constitutional monarchy, nobles
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33. The ______________________ was the rapid movement from tradition, low-tech production to mechanization and urbanization. It was marked by an increase in ____________, and it started in _____________. WHY???? Because…
a. Rule of __________ (caused stability) b. Private ___________ (enclosure movement) c. Receptiveness to _____________ d. abundance of natural _____________ e. stable money supply |
33. Industrial Revolution, wealth, England, law, property, change, resources
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34. Two people mainly described the Revolution. One was _______________, who though people should be free as possible to purse their economic interests in order to increase freedom and wealth. His ideas were based on _____________ and became known as ______________. _________________ thought that workers should revolt and create a system where all receive the same income. He said this would make social classes disappear. His ideas became known as _____________________.
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34. Adam Smith, Locke, Capitalism, Karl Marx, Communism
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35. German began to become unified when _____________ is appointed as Prussian Prime Minister in 1862. He believed that Germany could be become united using _______________ (or the pursuit of political goals by any means necessary). His main tools were lying, trickery, and _________. Prussia is led into war after war, and after winning them all, all the German states are unified under Emperor ________________. Germany enters the 20th century unified, nationalistic, ________________, and militaristic.
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35. Otto Van Bismarck, real politik, war, Wilhelm I, Industrialized
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36. ________________ is one country’s domination of the political, economical, and social life of another country. Most European countries had control over many other countries (ex. China, India, Africa). By 1914, European nations controlled ____ of Africa (not Ethiopia or Liberia).
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36. imperialism, 90%
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37. ______________ industrialized with little foreign help. They abolished the ______________ system (striping Samurai of their titles), modernize, conquer ____________ and Manchuria for resources, use farmers as _______________ workers, and invest in __________________ (a money system, etc). Japan proved their success when they defeated ______________ in the Russo-Japanese War.
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37. Japan, feudal, Korea, factory, infrastructures, Russia
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38. WWI was Germany, Austria- Hungry, and Italy against France, Britain, and Russia. WWI started for many reasons, the main one being the assignation of Archduke ________________ . Germany’s plan to win its 2 front war was to knock out _______________ quickly, that way they could concentrate on ______________. This was called the _________________ Plan. When the attacks bog down, the soldiers end up having to dig _______________, in which to live. WWI then turns into an attrition (a war in which you when by _________________________________, instead of ______________________). New _______________ makes the war more deadly.
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38. Ferdinand, France, Russia, Schlieffen, trenches, killing lots of soldiers, gaining land, technology
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39. WWI turns when…
a. the _________________ empire is defeated and asks for peace b. Italy switches sides and defeats ________________ c. the ___________ enters the war after having their boats torpedoed |
39. Ottoman, Austria- Hungry, USA
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40. WWI ends when the warring powers allow President ____________ to create the treaty. The German terms of the treaty were…
a. lose all their _____________ and colonizes b. lose their ____________ c. pay France and Britain money for ______________ d. act responsible for causing the war |
40. W. Wilson, territories, armies, damages
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1. What was the most important reason for feudalism? The least important?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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2. Describe the Crusades and their impact on Europe.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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3. Why did feudalism decline?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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4. How did Humanism affect Europe?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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5. How did the printing press have a major impact on the humanists?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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6. Describe Martin Luther’s life.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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7. Explain the different types of Protestantism we studied in class.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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8. Why was the doctrine of “Justification by faith alone” so important to Martin Luther?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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9. What were different reforms of the Catholic Counter-Reformation? Which was most important? Which was least?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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10. Explain the origins of the Protestant Reformation.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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11. Describe the French estate system in the 1700s.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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12. Describe the French Revolution.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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13. What where the effects of the French Revolution? Which was most important? Least important?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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14. What were Napoleon’s reforms? How did they affect France?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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15. Why did the Pope except Napoleon’s church reforms?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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16. Discuss the Scientific Revolution. How did it reflect a change in European though? How was it affected by the Renaissance and Reformation? How did it affect the Enlightenment?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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17. Discuss the concept of “nationalism”. What is it? How have people in history conceived of “nation”. How did nationalism affect Europe in the 19th century?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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18. Discuss the importance of the French Revolution. Why did it happen at the point in history that it did? What were its effects? Did it accomplish what it was intended to? How could it have been improved?
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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19. Compare and Contrast the American rebellions. (Mexican, South American, etc)
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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20. Compare and Contrast the enclosure movement to the open field system.
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YOUR OWN WORDS
(see notes if unsure) |
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21. Compare and Contrast Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Whose ideas are better?
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OWN WORDS
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22. Was imperialism necessary? Did it do anything for the nation in control?
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OWN WORDS
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23. How did different countries (China, Japan, India, and Africa) deal with imperialism?
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OWN WORDS
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24. Describe the different theories of how WWI began.
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OWN WORDS
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25. Why was WWI so different from other wars before it?
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OWN WORDS
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26. Describe Stalin and Hitler’s rise to power. How are they different? How are they the same?
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OWN WORDS
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27. Describe Russia before and during Stalin’s rule. Include the 5 year plans.
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OWN WORDS
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28. How did the Great Depression affect the world?
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OWN WORDS
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29. Describe the Bolshevik Revolution. What was Lenin’s contribution?
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OWN WORDS
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30. Describe the battle at Stalingrad.
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OWN WORDS
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31. Summarize WWI and WWII. How were they the same? Different?
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OWN WORDS
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