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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of _____
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John Calvin
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What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?
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Each German prince could decide the religion for his lands
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Anabaptists believed that infants should not be ______ because infants are too young to accept the Christian faith.
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baptized
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Humanist scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that humanists tended to focus more on _____ subjects.
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worldly
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The purpose of the Council of Trent was to direct the reform of the ______
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Catholic Church
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In the 1600s, Robert Boyle’s work transformed the field of _____
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Chemistry
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The inventor who perfected the microscope and was the first person to see cells and microorganisms was _______
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that the planets move around the sun in ___________
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oval orbits
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What was the primary event that trigged the formation of the Church of England?
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Henry VIII wanted a divorce
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The main goal of the Jesuits was to ______, _______, and _____ the Catholic faith.
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defend
restore spread |
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Ming China, European traders paid for Chinese silks and porcelains in gold or silver instead of exchanging trade goods because the Chinese did not want inferior European _______
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trade goods
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After the Japanese, and later the Manchus, invaded Korea, the Koreans responded by _______ from their nation.
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excluding foreigners
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When the first European traders arrived in the 1500s, the Japanese responded by _______ trade with the West.
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welcoming
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he voyage to Calicut by Vasco da Gama soon led to the creation of a vast trading empire for ______
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portugal
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How did Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias seek a sea route to Asia in 1460?
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He rounded the tip of Africa
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In 1513, Spanish adventurer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean by traveling ______
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overland through panama
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To rule China effectively after seizing Beijing in 1644, the Manchus ______ the Confucian system of government.
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accepted
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Why did Japanese shoguns turn against foreign traders in the mid-1500s? Because they saw foreigners as a threat after ______ seized the ______
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Spain
Philippines |
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The Ming rulers allowed limited trade with Europeans under the condition that the Europeans would ______ at the end of the trading season.
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leave
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To conquer the Aztec empire, Hernán Cortés ________ with conquered people who hated the Aztecs.
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formed alliances
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The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was _______
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Francisco Pizarro
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At the top of Spanish colonial society were the ______
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Peninsulares
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Through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, ______ claimed its empire of Brazil.
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Portugal
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The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as havens for ________ groups.
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persecuted religious
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The first leg of the triangular trade route brought _______ goods to ______
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European
Africa |
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Widespread inflation struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of ______ and _______ from the Americas.
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Silver
Gold |
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What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition? ______ increased the ______ of imported goods.
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Tariffs
price |
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The Spanish king maintained strict control over his empire through his _______ in Spain that monitored colonial officials.
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Council of Indes
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In Spanish colonial society, creoles were _______ of Spanish settlers.
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Native-born descendants
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To ensure that its colonies would be profitable, Spain established _______ for its colonies
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strict trade laws
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As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain gained ______ and all ____________ lands east of the Mississippi River.
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Canada
France's |
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Spain tried to change its American colonies with the New Laws of the Indies in 1542 which forbade the ______ and _______ of Native Americans.
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abuse
enslavement |
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The Mayflower Compact set out guidelines for governing the _______
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Plymouth Colony
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In their effort to gain control of the Incas, the Spanish _______ the Inca ruler Atahualpa.
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captured (took him for ransom) and killed him after the ransom was paid
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Joint stock companies allowed early European capitalists to _____ large amounts of _______.
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pool
capital |
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What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V?
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he was a Catholic, fought to suppress Protestantism
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An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to defend the ______
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Catholic Reformation
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In 1598, the Edict of Nantes helped to ensure that French Protestants would not be _____
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persecuted (Edict of Nantes said that Huguenots had religious toleration and other freedoms).
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When the Huguenots left France in the 1680s, their departure seriously hurt the French _____
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economy
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The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to suppress a _____ rebellion.
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scottish
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What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution?
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Constitutional Limited Monarchy
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As a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained territory on its _____ and ______ frontiers.
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spanish
german |
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Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to gain a ________ on the Black Sea.
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warn water port
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Under the rule of Catherine the Great, Russia seized lands in ______
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easter Poland
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A major cause of conflict within the empire of King Charles was the suppression of _______ in the German states.
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protestants
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Under the rule of Philip II, the defeat of _______ at ___________ helped to increase Spanish power.
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Ottomans
coast of greece (battle of lepanto) |
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After the death of his chief minister in 1661, Louis XIV governed France by taking ________ control of the ________
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absolute
government |
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Louis XIV appointed royal officials from the middle class to his bureaucracy because they helped to ______ the power of the ______ and ________
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check
nobles the church |
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Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert helped to make France the wealthiest state in Europe by imposing _______ policies to bolster the economy.
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mercantilist
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The Tories were an English political party that ______ broad royal powers.
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supported
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One result of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was that the monarch could not interfere in _______
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parliamentary debates
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Frederick William I helped to unify Prussia after the death of his father in 1713 by giving the Junkers positions in the _____ and _________
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army
government |
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By 1750, Prussia and Austria were battling for control of the _______
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German states
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What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?
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Natural Law
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Enlightenment writers often faced _________ because they challenged the old order.
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censorship
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An enlightened despot was a ruler who influenced______ and______ change
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political
social |
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Because the American colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups, social distinctions were more ________ than in Europe.
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blurred
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The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because the American victory convinced ______ to support the Revolution.
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France
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Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the ______
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Scientific Revolution
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it spread _________ ideas.
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enlightenment
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Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of _______ and_______.
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supply
demand |
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During the Enlightenment, government and church officials justified their use of censorship to stop enlightenment writers by saying God set up the ______
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old order
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One advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution was the diverse ______.
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geography
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The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between _______ and _____ governments.
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national
state |
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Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed _______ the First and Second estates.
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taxing
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One important result of the Estates-General was the formation of the _______
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national assembly
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The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by selling ________ lands
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church
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When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create?
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republic
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The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was the ______
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middle class and bourgeoisie
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What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?
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scorching the earth so the French would have no food
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The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by restoring _________
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the old rulers/ hereditary monarchs
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In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from the _________
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third estate
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The poorest members of the Third Estate were ________
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urban workers
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What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791?
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limited monarchy
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When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they extended voting rights to all ______
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men
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Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of _____
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terror
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During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of ________
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Revolutionary courts
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Under the Napoleonic Code men regained complete authority over their _______
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individual rights
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The Continental System was a form of __________
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economic warfare
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Napoleon’s final defeat was at the _______
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battle of waterloo
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A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to suppress _______ throughout Europe.
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nationalist fervor/ future revolutions
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The cotton gin was a machine that could separate _____ from _____
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seeds
cotton |
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The first factories developed in what industry?
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textile
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Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because disease was a natural means of _______
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controlling the population
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David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” Says that wages will never _____ as long as there are more ______ than available _____.
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increase
workers jobs |
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“The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of _______
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utilitarians
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German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition gradually from _______ to _______
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capitalism
socialism |
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Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it created _________ for a few and ______ for many.
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prosperity
poverty |
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Railroads an improvement over canals because railroads did not have to follow the ______
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course of a river
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The putting-out system was a method of producing ______ in individual ______
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cloth
homes |
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The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the ______
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working class
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Most early factory workers were women because employers could pay women _____ than men
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less
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Jeremy Bentham believed that laws should be judged by whether they bring more ______ than ______
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pleasure
pain |
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According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was shared _____ by the people of the means of _____
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ownership
production |
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The Concert of Europe was an agreement to support the ______
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old order
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The ideas of liberals were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism” because liberals spoke mostly for the ________
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middle class
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Creating a homeland for people who shared a common heritage was a major goal of _____
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nationalists
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After independence, Britain, France, and Russia pressured the Greeks to accept a German king because the European powers did not support the revolution’s ______ ideals.
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nationalist
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In 1815, the Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland because the Congress wanted to create a strong barrier to ________
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french revolutionaries
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What major event occurred during “February Days” in France in 1848?
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Louis Philippe abdicated, Second Republic was formed
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During the “June Days” in France, the peasants attacked protesting socialist workers because they feared the socialists would _______
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take their land
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Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt that eventually resulted in independence for ________
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Haiti
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Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “el Grito de Dolores” was a call to fight for Mexican _______
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independence
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Napoleon’s occupation of Spain spurred ______ and his followers to begin the struggle for independence.
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Bolivar
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When Napoleon ousted the Spanish king in 1808 it encouraged widespread rebellion in _________
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Latin America
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As a result of the revolutionary uprising in Belgium in the 1830s, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal _______
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constitution
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Conservatives of the early 1800s believed in the restoration of _____________
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the old order/monarchies
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Liberals strongly supported laissez-faire economics as the best way to help _______ succeed
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business
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Milos Obrenovic was able to win Russian support for Serb independence because the Russians and Serbs shared a common ______ and _______
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language
religion |
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The Second Republic in France ended when _________ became emperor.
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Louis Napoleon (III)
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As a result of the 1830 revolt in Poland, Russian forces _______ the revolt.
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crushed/ended/squashed
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The overwhelming majority of French voters supported Louis Napoleon and his Second Empire because many voters thought a _____ was more ______ than a republic.
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monarchy
stable |
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Which revolutionary leader helped Argentina win freedom from Spain?
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San Martin
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Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because Japanese ______ leaders placed a high _____ on modernization.
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political
priority |
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A production method in which workers repeatedly perform one task in the manufacturing process is called the ________
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assembly line
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The population of Europe exploded between 1800 and 1900 in large part because _______ advances reduced the death rate.
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medical/health
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The popular saying “A man’s home is his castle” reflected what middle-class value of the late 1800s? The cult of __________
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domesticity
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The purpose of Normal Schools was to train students to be _________
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teachers
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Englishman John Dalton made an important breakthrough in chemistry by showing that each _______ has its own kind of _____
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element
atoms |
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What theory applied the idea of natural selection to the development of business and society?
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Social Darwinism
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Romanticism can be described as a revolt against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on ______
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reason
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The Wright Brothers’ flying machine was made possible by the invention of the __________
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internal combustion engine
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German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes ________ in the 1880s.
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tuberculosis and anthrax
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The effectiveness of women involved in the temperance movement was limited because they could not _____ and were barred from most _____
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vote
schools |
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In 1869, what chemist developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table of elements used today?
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Mendeleev
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Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about ________
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a constitution for France
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