History Chapter 7: The Making Of Europe

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nicene creed

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-christian ordinance that defined the orthodox position that christ is eternally begotten of the father and of the same substance of the father

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arianism

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-originated with arius
-denied that christ was divine and co-eternal with God
-God is uncreated and unchangeable
-Jesus born, grew, and died, thus could not be God

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church administration and offices

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-bishops made headquarters in urban centers of old Roman dioceses
-jurisdiction extended throughout diocese
-pope head of whole catholic church

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petrine doctrine

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-popes claimed to be successors to peter and heirs to his authority
-based on Jesus' words to Peter about being the rock of the church

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spread of christianity

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-Paul spread christian teachings
-saint martin founded a monastery
-missionary religion
-st. patrick in ireland

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st augustine: confessions and the city of God

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-converted to christianity
-ideas of sin, grace, and redemption became foundation of all subsequent christian theology
-confessions is an autobiography written in the form of a prayer that deals with augustine's struggles
-the city of God is a work that contrasts christianity with secular society in which it exists

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hermits

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-individuals or small groups that withdrew from society to seek God through prayer
-claimed direct communication with God

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monasteries

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-environment for training the aspirant in the virtues of charity, poverty, and freedom from self-deception

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st benedict

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-wrote a brief set of regulations for monks: Rule of Saint Benedict
-highly influential in all forms of organized religious life
-outlined monastic life of regularity, discipline, and moderation

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visigoths/ostrogoths

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-settled germanic tribes along the rhine/danube frontier
-engaged in agriculture and trade
-accepted arian christianity

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franks

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-longest lasting germanic barbarian small kingdom

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clovis

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-chieftain of the franks
-conversion to christianity won him the support of the papcy and bishops of gaul
-conquered visigoths

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byzantine empire

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-the eastern half of the old roman empire
-centered at constantinople
-high standard of living
-christianity
-preserved wisdom of ancient world

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justinian

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-exhausted resources of the byzantine empire through numerous wars
-appointed committee of jurists to sort through and organize the laws
-codified roman legal though

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Constantinople

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-center of byzantine empire
-cultural center
-christian city

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sasanid empire

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-located in persia
-prosperity rested on agriculture
-commerce and trade
-zoroastrianism official religion

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patriach of constantinople

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-highest prelate of the eastern church

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monophysites

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-rejected the decree of the council of chalcedon that christ had two natures--one divine and one human
-one nature of christ

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theme system

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-empire split into military districts
-governed by generals with civil and military authority

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iconoclastic controversy

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-controversy over use of icons in religion
-some believed that icons were graven images of God, and thus idols
-Leo III outlawed icon use
-led to numerous revolts and destruction of empire

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Roman Catholic/Greek Orthodox

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-theological dispute led to patriach of constantinople and bishop of rome excommunicating each other
-this created a schism, or split in the church

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justinian plague

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-terrible epidemic that swept through the byzantine empire
-similar to modern forms of bubonic plague
-weakened resources
-led to increased hospitals

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justinian code

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-law was sorted and organized into a codifed and published work