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30 Cards in this Set
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genetics definition |
science of biological heredity and variation |
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Darwin |
-1858 -age 22 HMS Beagle to South America and Africa -theory of natural selection: survival of the fittest: organisms better adapted to the envmt are more likely to survive, mate, and pass on traits -also Alfred Russel Wallace also credited independently -On the Origin of Species |
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Mendel |
-1866 -Austrian monk -first plant breeder -"father of modern genetics" -Dr. Kenworthy's personal hero -published work on inheritance of traits in pea plants (work ignored until 1900s when rediscovered) -developed "principles of inheritance" for transmission of traits in pea plants -identified differences in traits: inheritance "factors" (traits) -suggested each cell contained a set of paired factors and that each pair determined a specific trait (first concept of a gene and that diff versions of a gene exist) -during sex-cell formation each factor pair segregates so resulting gametes each get one, segregation was independent of the segregation of other factor pairs (if on different chromosomes) - i.e. one trait for one trait is inherited independently of another gene - didn't account for genes on same chromosome being inherited together |
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genetic manipulation |
-has been occurring for >10,000 years -pic of monk pollinating in 800 BC - people learned to save plants with more seeds instead of eating them all -man-induced/directed selection for traits related to yield/stress resistance/etc has made all crop plants different from their native ancestors 1. wheat: modern wheat developed through hybridization of 3 species 2. sunflower: cultivated (one flower) vs common weed (multiple flowers) 3. corn/maize vs teosinte: teosinte = progenitor species |
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Miescher |
-1869 -Swiss -discovered a weak acid abundant in nuclei of white cells - deoxyribonucleic acid -didn't know function, just discovered |
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Correns, de Vries & von Tschermak |
-independently re-discovered Mendel's principles of inheritance -beginning of modern genetics (Mendelian Genetics) |
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cytogenetics |
-1902-1910 -related to study of chromosomes (behavior and function) skyrocketed in early 1900s -cytogenetics: heredity at the cellular level is based on chromosomes -Boveri (German), Janssens (French), Sutton & Morgan (Americans) |
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Bateson |
-1906 -Englishman -suggested term "genetics" for discipline concerned with heredity and its associated variation |
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Johannsen |
-1909 Danish botanist -suggested term "gene" replace Mendel's "factor" |
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Morgan |
-1910 -cytologist -United States -sex-linked traits in Drosophila: eye color was first trait linked to a specific chromosome |
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man-induced mutations |
-1927 -Muller induced mutations in fruit fly with X rays -Stadler induced mutations in plants with X rays |
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Griffith |
-1928 - still hadn't determined what substance is responsible for heredity of traits - discovered DNA/RNA/proteins but don't know which -showed that genetic info in bacteria could be transformed |
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Griffith experiment (1) |
-bacterial pneumonia in mammals is caused by strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae: 1) R-strain (rough strain): colonies have rough surface and are not pathogenic 2) S-strain (smooth strain): colonies have smooth surface and are pathogenic -heat-killed S cells mixed with live R cells ended up with live S cells even though didn't inject in -live R strain didn't replicate b/c nonvirulent -conclusion: dead S cells can make living R cells pathogenic (i.e. R cells are genetically transformed into S cells) -left question as to what substance is the transforming material - DNA, RNA, or protein? |
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Avery, MacLeod & McCarty |
-1944 (16 years after Griffith experiment) -showed that genetic info in bacteria could be transformed by purified DNA --> first evidence that DNA is the genetic material -showed DNA was responsible for transformation of R cells into S cells in Griffith's work with mice - took his experiment a step further |
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transformation definition |
-genetic alteration of a cell through incorporation of foreign DNA |
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Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment (2) |
-first two: if were caused by RNA or protein, transformation wouldn't have taken place -far right: no S cells; no transformation occurred -first evidence that DNA is responsible for inheritance -didn't eliminate possibility that small amount of active protein might be present in the transforming DNA - active protein could interact with mice immune systems to cause disease |
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Chase & Hershey |
-1952 -final proof that DNA is molecule responsible for heredity of traits -used bacteriophages labeled with radioisotopes -bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria -virus: submicroscopic obligate parasite consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and a protein |
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Chase & Hershey experiment (3) |
-went through reproductive cycle in cell and looked to see if 32P or 35S in progeny -phage DNA labeled with 32P -phage protein labeled with 35S -infect E coli cells with labeled T2 phage -centrifuge and remove unattached phage particles -blend and shear attached phage particles from bacterial cell surfaces allow progeny phage to form and lyse cell -analyze progeny for labeled DNA/protein -results: progeny phage contained 32P labeled DNA, not 35S labeled protein -final evidence for DNA as responsible for inheritance |
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Watson & Crick |
-1953 -race to learn DNA's structure so could start to manipulate -determined three-dimensional structure of DNA: double-helix -won Nobel Prize in 1962 -Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins provided pic of DNA through X ray diffraction, thought saw 3 rungs but Watson & Crick saw 2 (double helix) -??? need to know how X ray diffraction works ??? -discovery of DNA as hereditary material and its structure marked the beginning of the understanding of gene function at the molecular level - molecular genetics |
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Rosalind Franklin & 1962 Nobel Prize |
-died in 1958 and only living persons can be nominated for Nobel Prize -in 2008 archive opened and it was discovered she was never nominated |
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Kornberg |
-1958 -purified DNA polymerase I (enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA) from E coli -polymerases: enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA/RNA from deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides, respectively |
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Nirenberg & Khorans |
-1966 -labs cracked the genetic code (triplet mRNA codons specify each of 20 amino acids) |
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Smith & Wilcox |
-1970 -isolated first restriction enzyme, HindIII -restriction enzyme: enzyme that can cut DNA molecules at specific recognition sites |
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Berg & Boyer |
-1973 -first recombinant DNA molecules: molecules containing DNA from two different organisms -first GMO |
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Mullis |
-1985 -developed PCR: sensitive assay for amplifying DNA (increasing copy number) |
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Human Genome Project |
-began in 1990 with a 15 year plan -determining entire sequence of human chromosomal DNA -1999 complete sequence of chromosome 22 (the smallest) -2000 first working draft -finished in 2003 (2 years ahead of time) -20,000-25,000 protein coding genes |
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Dolly |
-1997 -first cloned sheep born (no sexual process involved in birth) -1963-2009: Asian carp, cows and goats, rhesus monkey/Mouflon/pigs/mice, Gaur/cat/human embryos/rabbit, rat, white tail deer/horses/mules, ferrets, gray wolves/dogs, buffalo -prob more since |
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Arabidopsis thaliana |
-2000 -genome completed -model organism for plant molecular biology/genetics -26,000 genes, functions determined by 2010 |
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tropical fish that fluoresces bright red
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-2003 -first genetically modified pet to go on sale in U.S. |
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ENCODE |
-Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) -launched 2003 -looks at interpretation of genetic code to determine function behind certain elements of DNA and which are associated with disease -2007 pilot phase complete -2012 technical phase (ongoing) |
