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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is communism? (1)
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a principle that stood for an equal distribution of wealth and resources amongst the people
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How did Australia fear communism externally? (2)
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- In 1949 china became a communist country and it was feared that it would spread throughout Asia and reach Australia
- Australia saw communism as one single political movement with little differences between Soviet communism and chinese communism |
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How did Australia fear communism internally? (2)
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- Many feared that the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) would disable australia from within through their influenced and control over powerful trade unions
- At first in 1920 they had limited influence, however during the late 1940s and early 1950s they gained control in important trade unions and was more influential |
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Who was John curtain?(2)
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- Australia's Wartime Prime Minister
- died 1945 |
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Who is Ben Chifley?(2)
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- John Curtain's successor
- He was re-elected to office in 1946 - after WW2 |
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What were Chifley's aims to try win the 1949 elections? (3)
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- Create a more equal and more secure society with full employment and an expanded welfare state
- To provide things such as child endowments, hospital benefits, old age and invalid pensions, maternity allowance, unemployment benefits and university scholarships - All this sounds like communism |
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What does ALP stand for (1)
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- Australian labor Party
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Who is Robert Menzies?(2)
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- Head of the Liberal party
- Prime Minister who opposed to labor's welfare policies |
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What is socialism? (1)
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socialism is a concept of providing for all in society
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Why did Menzies oppose to Labor's welfare policies? (2)
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- He claimed they were "socialist" threats to private enterprise
- His concepts were close to the concepts of communism - providing for all |
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What was Chifley's policies often associated with? (2)
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- Socialism
- Communism |
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What did Chifley do to help achieve his socialist policies?(1)
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- Nationalise private banks in 1947
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What is Nationalisation? (1)
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- Process by which the government takes control of natural resources, financial institutions or infrastructure of a country for the benefit of the people
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What happened when nationalisation of banks was challenged in the high courts? (3)
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- The court said it was unconstitutional
- Robert Menzies said labor was a supporter of communist ideals - Menzies focused on the fact that liberal and not labour stood for free enterprise |
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Who were the coal miners? (2)
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- In 1949, coal miners were lead by communist union leaders
- they went on a strike to gain a 35 hour week, a wage rise and long service leave |
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What would happen if the ALP supported the coal miners? (2)
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- ALP were originally stood for workers rights and its long history has helped workers gain better working conditions and pay
- However, if the Labor Government crushed the strike the ALP could be portrayed as a supporter of capitalism and a betrayer of the workers |
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How did Menzies gain support during the 1949 elections? (2)
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- He promised to ban CPA
- he used the fear of communism both within the country and the communist threat from abroad |
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When and how was the Communist Party Dissolution Bill introduced?(2)
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- The bill was introduced during 1950s
- Menzies tried to ban the Communist Party of Australia |
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Why couldn't the Bill be made law? (3)
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- The Federal Parliament passed the Bill
- Some Labor politicians supported the Bill - The Labor party opposed as it took the basic rights of Australian citizens |
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What happened when the Communist Party Dissolution Bill was challenged in the High court of Australia ? (3)
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- Evatt, a Deputy leader of the Labor Party, believed in free speech and argued that the banning of communist party was a violation of this
- The high court agreed and by a vote of 6-1 declared the Bill to be unconstitutional - However, this was still a victory for Menzies as the Deputy leader of the Labor Party represented the communist case in court. Menzies could claim that communists influenced the ALP |
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What happened in 1951? (3)
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- Australia was fighting in Korea to defend the democratic south against the communist North
- Menzies called for an early election - Once again the issue of communism and banning the communist party of Australia became a central issue |
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When was the The Communist Party Dissolution Referendum (1)
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- The referendum was help on 22nd September 1951
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What is the Petrov Affair? (2)
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- In 1954, the Menzies Government faced the possibility of losing the general elections that had been held that year
- Then came the Petrov Affair, a modern spy thriller played out in Canberra |
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How did the Petrov Affair win Menzies his election? (3)
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- This event severely weakened Menzies ALP opponents and virtually won him the election
- A soviet diplomat in Canberra, Vladimir Petrov had defected from the Soviet Union - He was granted political asylum and that a royal commission would be established to investigate allegations of a soviet spy rings operating in Australia |
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What was happening during the Petrov Affair? (3)
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- On the 3rd of April, Vladimir Petrov had brought with him secret Russian documents outlining the extent of Russian spying in Australia
- On the 20th of April Mrs Evokia Petrov was escorted onto a plane in Sydney bound for Russia by three Soviet officials. Soviet union accused of stealing Mrs Petrov - it was dramatized that communism and communist spies were a threat to Australia |
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What were the outcomes of the Royal commission? (4)
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- Menzies bought back the publics fear of communism
- Dr Evatt claimed that the Petrov Affair, and the Royal Commission was a plan used by the Liberal party to keep Labor out of government - Dr Evatt weakened his position in the ALP - ALP split to ALP and DLP |
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What were Chifley's and Menzies views on the welfare policies? (2)
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- Chifley wanted to expand the welfare state by introducing child payment, old age and invalid persons, hospital and unemployment benefits and university scholarships
- Menzies believed people need to work to look after themselves not reply on the government |
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What events gave Menzies an advantage to win the elections? (4)
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- Dr Evatt weakened his position by contacting the Soviet Foreign Minister to ask if certain documents were false during the Petrov Affair
- The Labor party was portrayed as communist supporters in 1954 - eg nationalisation of banks - Menzies promised to ban CPA, which led to the referendum - He used secret documents and announced that royal commission would be established |
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What is Royal commission? (1)
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A group of government officials who investigate an important issue
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Who were the DLP? (2)
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- The labor party split, embarrassed of Dr Evatt's actions during the Petrov Affairs forming the Democratic Labor Party (DLP)
- The ALP was unable to win the elections for the next 17 years as traditional Labor voters now had two alternatives to choose from (ALP or DLP) |
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When did Menzies retire? (1)
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20th January 1966
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What is Political Asylum? (1)
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The right to live in a foreign country and permission is given through the government of that country
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Define Espionage (1)
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The practice of spying or of using spies, typically by governments
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Who are the waterside worker's union (1)
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One of the communist led unions that challenged the communist Party Dissolution Bill
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Who is Dr Evatt? (1)
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Deputy leader of the Labor Party who argued against the Communist Party Dissolution Bill in the High Courts
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Who was Petrov? (5)
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- A Russian woking in the Russian Embassy (a government house) in Australia
- He was living with his wife and wanted to stay in Australia - He offered information about soviet/Russian spies in Australia - He seeked Political Asylum |
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What is Foreign policy?(1)
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The term refers to how any given nation views it's place in the world
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What beliefs was the Australian Foreign policy based on? (4)
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1. Australia was always under threat
2. Australia could never defend itself and so it had to reply on the great power of protection 3. Australia must live up to her position as an ally of the united states 4. Foreign policy cannot be separated from defence policy |
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What is the Domino Theory? (1)
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The belief that if one nation fell under communist domination, its neighbour countries would successively fall like a line of dominoes
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What was Menzies view on the Domino Theory? (3)
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- He was a firm believer in the Domino Theory
- He believed that communism would spread throughout Asia and reach Australia - He supported American President Eisenhower's quote in 1954 "you have a row of domino's, if you knock over the first one and what will happen to the last one is that it will go over very quickly" |
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What was the Forward defence concept? (2)
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- Belief that it is better to fight communism overseas than wait for it to come to Australia's shores
- Australia was a firm supporter of the US policy of containment, supporting free peoples against the spread of communism |
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What does ANZUS stand for? (1)
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A combination of the countries Australia, New Zealand and United States
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When was ANZUS formed? (1)
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September 1951 (During the Korean War)
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What nations were in ANZUS? (3)
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- Australia
- New Zealand - United States |
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Purpose why ANZUS was formed (2)
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- meeting to discuss a response
- they would build their army |
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What SEATO stand for? (1)
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- South-east Asia Treaty organisation (Asian version of NATO)
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when was SEATO formed? (1)
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September 1954 (Conflict in Vietnam starting)
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What nations were in SEATO? (8)
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- Australia
- Britain - France - New Zealand - Pakistan - the Philippines - Thailand - United States |
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Purpose why SEATO was formed (2)
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- To protect countries in South East Asia and the Pacific that felt threatened to communism
- Ensure the containment of Communism |
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When did the Korean War take place? (1)
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- June 1950 - July 1953 (1951 election + referendum)
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Who controlled Korea during the Second World War? (1)
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- During WW2 korean was controlled by japan
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Who invaded Korea? (1)
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- The Soviet Union and USA invaded Korea
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Which country was in charge of the North side and South side of Korea? (2)
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- USA occupied the South
- Soviet Union occupied the North |
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What line divided North Korea from the South? (1)
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- A line, which was named 38th Parrallel
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What political system was used in South Korea and North Korea during the Korean War? (1)
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South: Democratic ( get a president elected by people)
North: Communist |
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What name was given to South Korea during the Korean War? (1)
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- South: Republic of Korea
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What name was given to North Korea during the Korean War? (1)
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- North: Communist people's Republic
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Which countries supported the South side of Korea during the Korean War? (1)
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- South: American Support and Australia (first country to defend Korea after America)
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Which countries supported the North side of Korea during the Korean War? (1)
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- North: Soviet Support
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Why did Korea become two nations after WW2? (2)
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- The soviet union was determined the new government should be communist
- The US wished to be democratic (similar to Germany and Berlin |
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Why did North Korea invade South Korea? (2)
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- The North Korea government wished to spread communism into Asia
- The leader in the north wanted both halves of korea and Russia promoted it |
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How many nations defended South Korea during the war? (1)
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16 including Australia and Britain
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Reasons for Australia's involvement in the Korean War
(4) |
- Australia was never asked to join. On July 1st 1950, Robert Menzies announced Australian forces would join the US army in Korea
- The Korean War supported the forward defence - Australia is part of the United Nations - SEATO |
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How did Australia contribute in the Korean War (2)
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- Australia was the first nation, after the United States to send troops to Korea
- Australia contributed two destroyers, and aircraft carrier and a squadron of the RAAF |
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After failing to past the Communist Party dissolution bill what did Menzies do during the Korean War (2)
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- He called for a double dissolution election in April 1951
- In this election, Menzies promised to put the issue of banning the CPA to the people of Australia in a referendum in september |
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What was the result of the Korean War? (4)
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- A cease fire ended the Korean War in 1953
- UN having 11800 casualties - North remained communist - South remained democratic |
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Which country controlled Vietnam before, during and after the WW2? (1)
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- Before: France
- During: Japan - After: France |
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What country was of indochina (3)
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- Vietnam
- Laos - Cambodia |
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During WW2 who occupied indochina? (1)
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The French --> France
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What was one issue faced by the french during WW2? (2)
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- In the twentieth century there was an increasing threat of Asian nationalism (desire of asian peoples to be independent of their colonial masters)
- The french crushed all nationalist movements that tried to gain independence |
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Who was Ho Chi Minh and what did he do? (3)
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- A man born in 1890 who was educated in france
- He was a nationalist who wanted to see a free and interdependent indochinese - 1931 he helped find the indochinese Communist Party thinking it was the only way to kick the french out and save indochinese from poverty |
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What is Vietminh? (1)
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Ho Chi Minh gathered the indochinese workers and peasant farmers (both communist and non communist) and created the revolutionary league for the independence of Vietnam known as Vietminh
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What line divided the two halves of Vietnam?(1)
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17th Parallel
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Who was the leader of North Vietnam and South Vietnam?(2)
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- South: Ngo Dinh Diem
- North: Ho Chi Ming |
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What political system was used in the North and South vietnam? (2)
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- South: Democracy
- North: Communist |
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What were the names of the armed forces in the north and south Vietnam? (2)
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- South: South Vietnamese army
- North: Vietminh/ North Vietnamese army (NVA) |
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Which countries supported the south Vietnam? (2)
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- Australia
- USA |
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Which countries supported the north Vietnam? (3)
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- Russia
- Vietcong - China? |
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what was france and vietnam fighting for in indochina?(1)
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For independence
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Why did Ho chi Minh want an independence in Vietnam? (1)
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The french treated the indochinese poorly and he wanted to free them from the French
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Why were there no elections held in Vietnam after the war(1)
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- It was feared that Ho Chi Minh would win and take power
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When and why did the Americans send troops to vietnam?(3)
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- They sent 100,000 troops
- An american ship (UUS Maddox) was spying on the North vietnamese. - They were attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin to stop the domino theory |
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Who were the Vietcong and what did they want to achieve? (1)
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- People in the South who wished to join the communist North
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What were the Americans use to fight the Vietcong? (3)
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- 'Search and Destroy mission'
- Used agent orange - Bombing the North |
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What years did Australia sent military advisors and ground troops to south Vietnam? (2)
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- 1962
- 1965 |
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What are some 'For' reasons for Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War? (Liberal Leader) (4)
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- The south Vietnamese government requested help
- The communist take over of south vietnam would be a threat to Australia ( Domino Theory) - Australia has consulted with her ally, the US (ANZUS and SEATO) - The Vietcong were planning more attacks |
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What are some 'Against' reasons for Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War? (Labor leader) (4)
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- It will not promote the welfare of Vietnamese people
- Vietnam is a civil war - It will not fight against communism (labor is against the domino theory) - Australia will gain a bad reputation |
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Who as Australia fighting against in the Vietnam War? (2)
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Professional soldiers and conscripts in Vietcong, located in Phuoc Tuy + NVA (North Vietnamese Army)
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What province of South Vietnam was the Australia army given the role of patrolling? (1)
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- Phuoc Tuy Province
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What was the Cordon and Search mission? (2)
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- Involved searching for Vietcong fighters in villages
- If any were found they were handed over to the South Vietnamese Army |
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After Menzies retired, who being the new Prime Minister and what was his saying? (3)
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- Harold Holt
- "All the way with LBJ" - It meant they will stick by all the way |
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What were some issues that rose during the battle of Cong Tan? (4)
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- Terrible Conditions - jungle warfares
- Australians did not see the enemy during the first few months - The rain caused a mist at a high level - Australians trapped 500m in the rubber plantation |
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What were some attitudes towards the Vietnam War?
(5) |
- Australia was seen as USA puppets
- Taxes to war - people wanted the war to end - pain - peace and conflict |
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Define Moratorium Movement (1)
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A protect movement demanding the withdrawal of australian and allied troops from indochina and an end to conscription
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Define a draft (1)
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Another word for conscription
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Define Pacifist (1)
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A person who opposes all war and violence
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Define Conscientious objector (1)
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Someone whose conscience prevents them from participating in military service
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What is Moratorium? (1)
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- The work means the temporary suspension of an activity
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What is the national service? (1)
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Conscription into the australian army for two years
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When was conscription introduced? (1)
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Introduced in 1964 for the Vietnam War
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What did the National service Act require?
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- males to register to serve in the army for 2 years when they turned 20
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How were men chosen for conscription?
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- Chosen out of a ballot
- if their birthday was drawn out they were conscripted or "drafted" |
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What happened the National service Act for those who went to prison to avoid it?
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- the act was changed in 1968 to allow a two year prison term for those that tried to about it
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What is a conscientious objector?
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A person whose belief, ideals and ethics are incompatible with military service, a role in the armed forces or participation in war
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Example of a conscientious objector
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- William white
- A school teacher - argued that he was being asked to " kill another human being" - he was the first to publicly stand as a conscientious objector of war and his decisions |
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What were the different groups that responded to the Vietnam war?
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- Save our sons movement (sos)
- Australian Labor party (ALP) - Returned services league (RSL) - Trade unions - Universities - Protestant churches |
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Who were the 'Save our son's' movement (sos) and what were their attitude towards the Vietnam War? (3)
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- A group of mothers or females in the middle class of all ages
- They are very anti - vietnam war - They saw the war as a sin - killing |
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Why were SOS so against the Vietnam war?
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- Their sons were involved
- protect young men - They don't want metals, they just want their sons back |
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How did SOS communicate their view on the Vietnam war?
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- poetry
- silent protest - newsletter |
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What were the ALP's attitude towards the Vietnam War? (3)
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- Anti-conscription
- undeclared + dirty - Government sons |
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Why were the ALP so against the Vietnam war? (2)
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- In opposition
- men were young |
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How did the ALP communicate their view on the Vietnam war? (1)
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- speech
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Who were the Returned services league(RSL) and what were their attitude towards the Vietnam War? (3)
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- RSL = Vetrans from previous wards
- In favour of the war and conscription - pro-war + conscription |
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Why did the RSL support the vietnam war?
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- To help the soldiers in the Vietnam war
- They had fought in previous wars for australia and know why it's like |
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How did RSL communicate their view on the Vietnam war?
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- sent entertainers
- raising money |
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Who were the Trade Unions and what were their attitude towards the Vietnam War? (3)
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- Water side worker's Federation
- Males who were poor and in the working class - they were against the vietnam war - contributed to the overall opposition to the war but called black bans to supply troops |
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Why were trade unions against conscription and how did they communicate this? (2)
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- The men were young and only children
- they communicated through leaflets, posters and marched - protested |
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Who were in the universities and what were their attitude towards the Vietnam War? (4)
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- students
- male + female - young adults - they were VERY anti Vietnam war |
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Why were universities so against the Vietnam war? (2)
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-they were likely to be conscripted
- sense of empathy |
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How did universities communicate their view on the Vietnam war? (5)
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- booklets
- protest - marches - articles - sittings (sit in one place until they're forced to move, they'd just move to another place and sit) |
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Who were the protestant churches and what were their attitude towards the Vietnam War? (2)
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- included males only - clergies
- they were very anti war |
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Why were protestant churches so against the Vietnam war and how did they promote their view? (2)
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- Saw it as being non christian
- the promoted it through comittees |
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How many people were affected as a result of the conflict in Indochina (1)
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about 2 million people became refugees
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Where did the indochinese refugees go and what were some issues (5)
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- They went into refugee camps in the neighbouring countries of Thailand, Malaysia and Hong Kong
- It was getting overcrowded - thousands needed shelter and food - some indochinese were being left stranded in these transit camps - It was getting so overcrowded that the Malaysian government began towing boatloads of indochinese refugees back out to sea to stop the flow |
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What did the Secretary general of the united nations do for the indochinese as the camps were becoming too full? (2)
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- had a meeting in Geneva
- aimed at finding permanent homes for the refugees |
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What were some reasons why a large number of Indochinese fled their country? (3)
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- Refugees feared being persecuted for their religious or political beliefs
- Some feared the new communist government - Other who were associated with the defeated forces feared persecution |
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What did the resettlement programs made through the United Nations do to the indochinese (3)
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- It was made to discouraged boat people from entering Australia
- most families were torn apart - forced to leave their belonging behind |
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What were refugees also known as? (1)
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Boat people
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When was the Immigration policy introduced?
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- In 1945
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Define Diplomat?
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A person representing a country aboard
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Define Asylum
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The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their country as a political refugee
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When was the white australian policy introduced?
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before federation anyone could come to australia but in 1901 it was introduced
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What was the white australian policy?
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The white australian policy meant that only people of mainly British descent were allowed to come to live in australia
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Who is arthur calwell?
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- became minister for immigration when the department of immigration was established in 1945
- he said australia needed to populate or perish |
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why was the Immigration policy introduced?
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- to bring migrants to australia from britain and war torn Europe
- to strengthen the economy with new workers an skills - improve security by increasing the size of the population |
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different between Vietminh and vietcong
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Veitminh = veitnamese soldiers who fought french
Veitcong = another group of soldiers that fought for freedom |
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When was the dictation test abolished?
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1958
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What is assimilation?
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The official government policy towards migrants in the 1950s
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experiences of the indo-chinese refugees during journey to australia (5)
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- fleeing illegally
- boats were packed - many fell overboard and were left behind - spent months in refugee camps - many boats didn't make it to their destination |
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economic problems faced by indo-chinese refugees (4)
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- Bottom of socio-economic ladder
- Arrived with very little - Could only get unskilled jobs - No housing |
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social problems faced by indo-chinese refugees (2)
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- Racial discrimination
- Suffered from characterisation and stereotypes |
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family problems faced by indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- Left family behind
- Majority of migrants came under family reunion provisions - Many lost family in the world |
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define Circular migration:
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When someone comes from overseas to earn money. When they have enough money they return home to family
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define chain migration
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when a person comes from overseas and once they are successful (house and job), overtime family comes
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How was work for indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- Italians accepted any work that was offered to them anywhere in the country for a two-year period
- Many Italians were recruited to work in infrastructure projects called “Dirty jobs” by Australians - Poor working conditions. Often labour jobs eg building rail roads |
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How was housing for indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- saving for a house became a priority, no matter what sacrifices were made
- Many worked two jobs and double shifts - Many bought existing homes and used many skills to rebuild or renovate |
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How was marriage for indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- Since chain migration was common, many Italian men married through “marriage by proxy”
- When an Italian migrant had saved enough money for a house, he would write to a relative or friend in Italy with the request to help him find a wife from his own community |
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How was food for indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- They put it to good use by growing fruit and vegetables, raising chickens, preparing olives, wine, tomato sauce and small goods
- They were shocked to find out that schnitzel was a sophisticated dish and that Australians had not tasted eggplant, garlic, or olive oil |
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How was education for indo-chinese refugees (3)
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- Italian parents opted for the Catholic schools as they were concerned about moral and intellectual education
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How was sport for indo chinese refugees (3)
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- New sports such as cycling, skiing, bocce and soccer were introduced to Australians
- Wrestling, boxing and Australian Rules Football (AFL) were also enjoyed by Italian migrants leading to successful Italians participating in these sports. |
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When was the mountains hydro electric scheme built?
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17th October, 1979
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Reasons the Snowy Mountain Scheme was built
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- AGRICULTURE: Conversion of snow into water to water crops; farmers had struggled to produce crops due to the harsh weather system and occurrence of droughts
-ELECTRICITY: They needed backup power in the case of an unexpected enemy attack. This scheme protects power supplies and would serve backup. |
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The Snowy Mountain Scheme conditions:
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- 100,000 people were involved in the construction of the Snow Mountain Scheme, 60,000 were migrants
- heavy labour - cramped spaces - cold and dark atmosphere |
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definition Fringe dwellers
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Aboriginals who stayed near the edges of the new white towns and lived in poverty , relying mostly on handouts of food and blankets
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define Terra Nullius
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the british idea that australia was 'vacant land' (available) that could be therefore be taken
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define dispossession
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When something is taken away from you
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Why did aboriginal population decline dramatically during 1788
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- disease eg small pox and influenza
- alcohol - poisonous as they weren't use to it - massacres - over resources or dispute over ownership - poison - blankets (white coughed on it) |
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What is the protection policy
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- was formed to solve the 'aboriginal problem'
- The Aboriginal problem related to the dispossessed Aboriginal ‘fringe dwellers’ who were living in poverty on the outskirts of white towns - The Aboriginals were malnourished and severely ill due to the impact of white diseases and effects of alcohol - It is believed that the Aboriginal race would eventually die out and governments believed that something had to be done to save their sufferings |
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what did the Church Run Missions/Government Reserves aim to do?
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- 1880s colonial governments began to pass laws for Aboriginals displaced by white settlement
- Protection policies involved moving fringe dwellers |
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what was the Royal Society for the Protection of Aboriginals established NSW in 1938
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- Provide money to those interested in reducing suffering – mainly missionaries hoping to convert them to Christianity
- Aimed to ‘civilize’ Aboriginals by teaching them Christian way of life |
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what was the New South Wales Aborigine Protection Board established in 1883
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- Live on purposefully built reserves, segregated from white communities
- Miles out of town – difficult to get to work |
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limitations of aboriginals when they were in built reserves
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- Forbidden to leave
- Permission for job, marriage, swimming - Possessions + income = property of manager - Could not own house/land - Tradition, culture, religious activities banned - Punishment given for breaking rules |
