History 3210 - Spring 2017

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Nationalism

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Sense of Identity and belief that your nation/national affiliation provides source of superiorityFoster idea of "Us vs. Them"Intra-group loyalty inter-group hostilityConstitutional GovernmentMore people invested in welfare of state

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Imperialism

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IMPERIALISM - As Cause and Effect DEF: Extension of political or economic control (direct/indirect) by one state over another (mostly in a far away region), possessing a different culture or race, supported by a body of ideas, justifying the process" - Parker T MooreBritian, France, Expanding borders via colonizationExploiting smaller less developed natives for resourcesImportance of ImperialismCausesEconomicsCheap LaborDemand for exotic products (sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco)International PoliiticsLimit growth of competitorsTrade routesDomestic PressuresAs populations grow, rather than losing people to other nations (U.S), expansion could move to colonyRise of Masses - people having stake in benefit of nationFeel of superiority over colonial subjects (good for domestic policy)new markets provider masses with new exciting productsColonial store (?)IdeologyCivilizing missionSpreading culture to natives/backward peopleMissionariesLocal conflicts / politicsImperialists able to exploit local conflicts to gain upper handTypesTotal dependency (total conquest)Congo, Angola Semi-autonomous regimeIndia, Morocco, Egyptenriching certain influential nativesSpheres of InfluenceChina - split into many sphresVisions of EmpireCecil Rhodes "Cape to Cairo" N-SFrench " "E-W"Effects on EuropeStrengthened conservative elements domesticallySharpened international competitionRaised living standardsAccess to food / goods via colonial storesGrowing anti-imperial presenceciting brutality, exploitation of natives

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Capitalism

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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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Liberalism

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Capitalism + Individualistic Society = Liberalism

A philosophy (economic, social, and political) grounded in an idea of individual liberty and equality, rejecting heredity privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. As an economic philosophy it supports a free market that fosters trade and therefore closely linked with the rise of capitalism in the 10th century. Free Trade & Free MarketsIndividualistic SocietyLess Govt. InvolvementReason over revelation

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Balance of Power

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France and English massively powerful, Alliance System Developed to prevent one group/nation from becoming too powerful, Alliances weren't necessarily public, driven by secret treaties

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Triple Alliance

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Triple Alliance: 1879, German and Austria (Italy)

•1879 – Germany and Austria-Hungary form the Dual Alliance•1882 – Italy joins Germany and Austria-Hungary to form the TripleAlliance

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Triple Entente

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Triple Entent: Franco-Russian (1894) and Franco-English (1904), Then all three in 1907.

•1892 – France and Russia form the Franco-Russian Alliance •1904 – France and Great Britain sign the Entente Cordiale•1907 – France, Great Britain, and Russia form the Triple Entente

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Pan-Slavism

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Pan-Slavism, a movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century, is the political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic peoples. Supported by Russia. Serbian Coup brings independence in 1903. Cause of Tension, Austria annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1908.

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Berlin Treaty of 1878

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Treaty of Berlin, 1878-Ends Russo-Turkish War.De sure recognition of de facto independent Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.Autonomous Bulgaria. Increases Austrian influence in the Region.Side note: Sets up regulations on treatment of minorities that will serve as the basis for how to treat minorities in the League of Nations

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Moroccan Crises

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First Moroccan Crisis, 1905-1906. Germans as InstigatorsKaiser pushing for Moroccan IndependenceSecond Moroccan Crisis, 1911Germans Meddling AgainPushes France and Britain Together

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Miracle of the Marne

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Battle of the Marne "Miracle of the Marne", Sep 7-12, 1914German advance to outskirts of ParisParisian taxis take soldiers to front lineFrench rally at last minute and stop German advanceLeads to "Race to the Sea"Germans trying to flank French Trenches run to the seaWar settles into 4 years of Trench Warfare

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Battle of Verdun

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Battle of Verdun, February December, 1916 Total devastation Tanks first used Marshall Petain "They shall not pass" New WeaponsPoison GasFirst developments of plastic surgery to repair gas victims Airplanes Primarily used as reconnaissance Massed Artillery

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

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Unrestricted Submarine WarfarePrize rules not practical for winning strategic-advantageIf you disable ship you can take itSubs are supposed to announce themselves before engaging as means of courtesyGermany used intermittently from 1915-1917Officially introduced on Feb 1, 1917

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Naval Blockade

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British blockade Germany, 1914-1918Restriction of supplies to Central PowersBetween 500,000-750000 died in Central Europe duePotato crop fails in GermanyBattle of Jutland May 30-31, 1916Happens by mistake in the fogMore British ships sunk than germansNo strategic effect

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Pals Batallion

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Mobilzation in BritainAt first volunteers, often based on town and villages ("pals" battalions) brings 2.5 million Problem with battalions is entire towns male population get wiped outemotional impact of losing those close to you

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Burgfrieden/Union Sacree

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Lots of support at beginning of the warBurgfrieden, "Peace in the Castle" French version "Union Sacree""Spirit of 1914""Fieldtrip to Paris", "We'll see each other again on the Boulevard"Those traditionally opposed to war (leftists, communists, socialists, marxists, etc) agreed to not hinder the war effort.

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Hindenburg Program

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Hindenburg program: All males between 16-65 required to do some sort of national serviceAuxiliary Service LawIntended to double arms outputmales had to work in facotyr or on the land

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Rationing

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Rationing Food and commodoties government regulatedIncreasingly expensive or impossible to getInflationAnti-hoarding campaigns1916-1917 in Germany, Turnip Winter. Female mortality jjmped from 11.5% of the population in 1916 to 30% in 1917Low morale - in all countries

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Polish: Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was forced on the Bolshevik government by the threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance.In the treaty, Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany; they were meant to become German vassal states under German princelings.[2] Russia also ceded its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire and recognized the independence of Ukraine. Furthermore, Russia agreed to pay six billion German gold marks in reparations. Historian Spencer Tucker says, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator."[3] Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests.[4] When Germans later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allies (and historians favorable to the Allies) responded that it was more benign than Brest-Litovsk.[5]The treaty was effectively terminated in November 1918, when Germany surrendered to the Allies. However, in the meantime, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, already fighting the Russian Civil War, by the renouncement of Russia's claims on Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania.

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Diktat

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A diktat is a statute, harsh penalty or settlement imposed upon a defeated party by the victor, or a dogmatic decree.

Treaty of VersaillesGermans unhappy, believe it was "dictated" to them, or a DiktatNo say in what the treaty will look like, only able to send representatives to sign

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Treaty of Versailles

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The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties.[8] Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks (then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £284 billion in 2017). At the time economists, notably John Maynard Keynes, predicted that the treaty was too harsh—a "Carthaginian peace"—and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive, views that, since then, have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries. On the other hand, prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently.

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Fourteen Points (January 1918)

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The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points[1] but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.[2]

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League of Nations

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L.O.N rights"Full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals...without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race or religion."Polish as a national language, but minority language could be used freely in private, commerce, relation, press, as public meetings, and in court. Right to establish and control own charities, churches, and social institutions

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Successor States

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Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania. PolandPartitioned in 1795Land given to Prussia (Germany), Austria, and RussiaResurrected with Paris Peace Settlements (1919)The question of . MinoritiesMany different ethnicities lived in PolandHebrewPolishYiddishGermanLithuanianBelarussian...What rights did they have?L.O.N rights"Full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals...without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race or religion."Polish as a national language, but minority language could be used freely in private, commerce, relation, press, as public meetings, and in court. Right to establish and control own charities, churches, and social institutionsGerman minorityIn parts with German population, had been ruling class, but now?Only German-language primary schools (beyond that, in Polish)Constant sense of tensionSilesian Plebiscite, March 1921Everyone can vote Mandated in Versailles TreatyPrewar: German territory but 60% PolishMix of old and new ideas about peace settlements sets up tensions for interwar period.

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Silesian Plebiscite

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The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out in March 1921 to determine a section of the border between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with both Germans and Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population.[1] Under the previous rule by the German Empire, the Poles had faced discrimination and racism, making them effectively second class citizens.[2][3][4] The period of the plebiscite campaign and interallied occupation was marked by violence. There were two Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well.

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Provisional Government

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Dual Power InterregnumInterim Provisional GovernmentDon't have army supportDual Power interregnumSovietsHave common backingLvov and the Kerensky as Prime MinisterEven Bolsheviks are cooperating with provisional government

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Soviet

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Elected local, district or national council. Workers councils.

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Bolshevik

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Or "Reds" - Revolutionary political party. Lead by Lenin, Initially cooperated with Provisional Government. Very radical when compared to other Social Revolutionary parties. Split from Mensheviks. Formed in Minsk to unite revolutionary parties into one. Won Majority during Second party Congress vote. Consisted primarily of working class.

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Lenin

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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Leader of Bolshevik's, first leader of Soviet Union. Communist Revolutionary.

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Kerensky

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Co-prime minister in provisional government. A Moderate socialist. Hated Rasputin. Recommited Russia to the war. Visited the front lines stirring the troop. Kerensky offensive started strong but was thrown back and Russia sustained heavy loses.

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Kornilov

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Krnilov Affair- Kornilov installed by KerenskyGeneral Kornilov became supreme commander of army,Known to be hostile to the revolution in any formInflammatory speechesspeaking of a ruthless struggle against anarchycalls all revolution anarchyBelieved he needed to send troops to Petrograd to establish a military dictatorshipRestore order11th Hour Kerensky backed outSent local troops and workers to fight off Kornilov and his soldiers

The Kornilov affair, or the Kornilov putsch (Kornilov coup) as it is sometimes referred to, was an attempted military coup d'état by the then Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, in August 1917 against the dual power of the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, in order to remove the Petrograd Soviet and leave only the Provisional Government in Charge, under Kerensky. He was betrayed by Kerensky, and the coup failed.

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State Capitalism

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* Early Reforms * Social Changes * Ending legal class distinctions * Redistribution of land * Away from large landholders and into peasant hands * Military Changes * Officers Elected by Unit * "State Capitalism" 1917-1918 * Commercial economic activity is undertaken by the state * Preserved what it could of existing economy, held back from nationalizing industries

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War Communism

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* War Communism 1918-1921 * Goal to keep towns and Red Army stocked with food and weapons during the war * Nationalization of all industries and introduction of strict central management * State control of foreign trade * Workers forbidden to strike * Rationing of food * Obligatory labor duty for non-working classes * Private enterprise banned * Ineffective * Breakdown on most basic levels * Virtual return to barter system by end of war

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Cheka

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* Cheka * Secret state police, used terror to eliminate real and perceived enemies * Created December 20, 1917 * Felix Dzerzhinsky

chrezvychaynaya komissiya, Emergency Committee, Russian pronunciation: [tɕɪˈka]) was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. It was created on December 20, 1917, after a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin, and was subsequently led by Felix Dzerzhinsky, a Polish aristocrat turned communist.[2] By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in various cities, at multiple levels including: oblast, guberniya ("Gubcheks"), raion, uyezd, and volost Chekas, with Raion and Volost Extraordinary Commissioners. After 1922, Cheka groups underwent a series of reorganizations, with the NKVD, into bodies whose members continued to be referred to as "Chekisty" (Chekists) into the late 1980s.[3]

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Whites

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Whites : Anti-Bolsheviks (International Support)

Many people did not watch Bolsheviks in power, especially conservatives, liberals, Tsarists, democrats

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Greens

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Greens : Independent Armies (Primarily defending local areas)

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Stalin

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Josef Djugashvili * Born in 1978 in Georgia * Seminary, expelled * Marxist Underground Leader * Increasingly radical * Escaped Siberia * Briefly expired in 1912-1913 * Begins calling himself Stalin (Man of Steel) * Role in Revolution Minor * Sided with Lenin for socialist revolution * Voted for Brest-Litovsk * Less cosmopolitan and theoretical than other well-known Bolsheviks * Overshadowed by Trotsky * Westernized intellectual and theoretician * Emergence as a leader * Successful Takeover * Secretary General of Bolshevik Party (now called the communist party) * Elminitation of Rivals * Trotsky as leftist deviation, ousted in 1925 * Allliance with Bukharin * condemned Kamenev and Zinoviev as rightist deviation * Then criticized Bukharin and isolated him * Sole Power * By 1927-28, stalin had eliminated his main rivals and consolidated his own power

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Kulak

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* Kulak - "Wealthy" land owning peasants accused of hoarding grain rather than selling it * State sponsored propaganda against Kulak * Stalin ordered them to be shot as example

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Collectivization

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Collectivization 1928New Economic Policy (NEP)Backed off of command economy in 1920s reintroduced some markets and capitalist mechanismsScissors Crisis starting 1923Agri goods falling in priceManufacturing goods increasingCreate scissor looking chart

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Holodomor

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The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомо́р)[a] was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed an estimated 2.5–7.5 million Ukrainians, with millions more counted in demographic estimates. It was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country.During the Holodomor millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine.[11] Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine[12] and 24 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government.[13]

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5-year plan

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During this period, Stalin pursued the policy of "collectivization" in agriculture to facilitate the process of rapid industrialization; this involved the creation of collective farms in which peasants worked cooperatively on the same land with the same equipment. This was intended to improve the efficiency of agriculture and eliminate the "kulak" class of landowners, which was deemed hostile to the Soviet regime, while improving the position of poor peasants. The disruption and repression associated with collectivization is alleged to be the primary cause of the famine of 1932 by Ukrainian historians.

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Show Trials

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A show trial is a public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the defendant. The actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and as a warning to other would-be dissidents or transgressors. Show trials tend to be retributive rather than correctional justice and also conducted for propagandistic purposes. The term was first recorded in the 1930s

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Gulag

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The first such camps were created in 1918 and the term is widely used to describe any forced-labor camp in the USSR.[1] While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of extrajudicial punishment (the NKVD was the Soviet secret police). The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union, based on Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code). The term is also sometimes used to describe the camps themselves, particularly in the West.

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New Woman

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New Man / Woman* Increased Amount of Egalitarianism * Social Distinction, Gender Relationships * Mass-produced clothing * Women working outside the home * Changed gender relationships* Emancipation of Youth * Young more assertive * Development of Youth Culture * Backlash from religious leaders, traditionalists, and right wing movements

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Mass Entertainment

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Post World War I and Rise of Popular CultureMass Enlightenment and EntertainmentNewspapers, radio, film

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Agitprop

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propaganda used in Soviet Russia, that is spread to the general public through popular media such as literature, plays, pamphlets, films, and other art forms with an explicitly political message.[2] In the Western world, agitprop often has a negative connotation. The term originated in Soviet Russia as a shortened name for the Department for Agitation and Propaganda, which was part of the central and regional committees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Fascism

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combination of two of the greatest ideologies of the twentieth century: nationalism and socialism.“Fascism is an anti-Marxism which seeks to destroy the enemy by evolving a radically opposed and yet related ideology and by the use of almost identically but typically modified methods, always, however, within the unyielding framework of national self-assertion and autonomy.”

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Irredentism

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•Like many in France and Britain, Mussolini (and many others) felt thatthe gains of the war had not been enough to compensate for thelosses suffered•Irredentism “unredeemed” territory

was a nationalist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italians and Italian-speaking persons formed a majority, or substantial minority, of the population.Originally, the movement promoted the annexation to Italy of territories inhabited by an Italian indigenous population but retained by the Austrian Empire after Third Italian War of Independence in 1866.

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March on Rome

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March on Rome, 1922•Mussolini marching to Rome: “Either they will give us the governmentor we shall seize it by descending upon Rome”•20,000 Black Shirts King frightened into accepting Mussolini asprime minister. On 24 October 1922, Mussolini declared before 60,000 people at the Fascist Congress in Naples: "Our program is simple: we want to rule Italy."[2] Meanwhile, the Blackshirts, who had occupied the Po plain, took all strategic points of the country.

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Acerbo Election Law

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The Acerbo Law stated that the party gaining the largest share of the votes – provided they had gained at least 25 percent of the votes – gained two-thirds of the seats in parliament. The remaining third was shared amongst the other parties proportionally.[1]

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Council of Corporations

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.In a speech at this inauguration, Benito Mussolini stated "the National Council of Corporations is to the Italian economy what the Staff is in the Armed Forces - the thinking brain which prepares and coordinates".dividing economic activityinto different corporations withmanagement and labor makingcompromises

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Concordat (Italy)/ Lateran Pact

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It recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Prime Minister Benito Mussolini agreeing to give the church financial refund.[1] In 1947, the Lateran Pacts were incorporated into the democratic Constitution of Italy.[2]

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Autarky

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The economic bloc wherein trade was maximized comprised countries that were economically weak—namely, those in South America, the Balkans, and eastern Europe(Yugoslavia, Romania, and Hungary)[3]—and had raw materials vital to Germany's growth. Trade with these countries, which was negotiated by then Minister of Economics Hjalmar Schacht, was based on the exchange of German manufactured produce directly for these materials rather than currency, allowing Schacht to barter without reliance on the strength of the Reichsmark.[4] However, although food imports fell significantly between 1932 and 1937, Germany's rapid rearmament policy after 1935 proved contradictory to the Nazi Party autarkic ambitions and imports of raw materials rose by 10% over the same period.[citation needed] German armament spending went from under 2% of gross national product in 1933 to over 23% in 1939.[5] Germany also relied upon ersatz or synthetic substitutes, such as nitrile rubber or oil obtained through coal liquefaction.

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Keynes

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End of Gold Standard•Britain 1931•United States 1933•France 1936•Allows for deficit spending Keynesian economics

According to Keynesian economics, state intervention was necessary to moderate "boom and bust" cycles of economic activity.[7] Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetarypolicies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions.

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Hyper-Inflation

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.InflationPost-war BoomSoldiers to workersExtensive RebuildingHyper InflationDeficit spending during the war, trade union pressure for higher wages, reparations = rise of wholesale pricesWho is hyperinflation good for?Good for those in debtWho is it bad for?Bad for the consumerSalaries don’t adjust fast enoughSidenote: when Depression hits its peak in 1931ish, hyperinflation 10 years in the past but memory of it still strongStabilizationDawes PlanMore realistic reparations scheduleGermany abel to reintroduce hard currency

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Fordism

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according to historian Charles Maier, Fordism proper was preceded in Europe by Taylorism, a technique of labor discipline and workplace organization, based upon supposedly scientific studies of human efficiency and incentive systems. It attracted European intellectuals—especially in Germany and Italy—at the fin de siècle and up until World War I.[12]

Historian Thomas Hughes has detailed the way in which the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s enthusiastically embraced Fordism and Taylorism, importing American experts in both fields as well as American engineering firms to build parts of its new industrial infrastructure. The concepts of the Five Year Plan and the centrally planned economy can be traced directly to the influence of Taylorism on Soviet thinking. Hughes quotes Joseph Stalin:[14]"American efficiency is that indomitable force which neither knows nor recognizes obstacles; which continues on a task once started until it is finished, even if it is a minor task; and without which serious constructive work is inconceivable.... The combination of the Russian revolutionary sweep with American efficiency is the essence of Leninism.

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Gold Standard

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A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types can be distinguished: specie, bullion, and exchange.In the gold specie standard the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins or the monetary unit has the value of a certain circulating gold coin, but other coins may be made of less valuable metal.

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Francisco Franco

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was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 39 years from 1936 until his death in 1975.Francisco FrancoGeneral who risked demotion under Republican ReformsAssumed leadership of Spanish African Army on July 18, 1936 30k soldiers)

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Falange

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Falange, founded 1933 Fascist movement on Nationalist Side Founded and led by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera Later executed by Republic and succeeded by Franco Repudiated the republican constitution Subsidized by Mussolini Blamed Unholy trinity of “Jews, Freemasons, and Bolsheviks” for Spain’s troubles

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Republicans (Spanish Civil War)

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The Republican faction (Spanish: Bando republicano), also known as the Loyalist faction, was the side in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 that supported the established government of the Second Spanish Republic against the Nationalist or rebel faction of the military rebellion

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Nationalists (Spanish Civil War)

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The Nationalist faction or Rebel faction was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists

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Guernica

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Gernika is best known to those residing outside the Basque region as the scene of the April 26, 1937, Bombing of Guernica, one of the first aerial bombings by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. It inspired the painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso.

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International Brigades

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The International Brigades (Spanish: Brigadas Internacionales) were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The organisation existed for two years, from 1936 until 1938. It is estimated that during the entire war, between 32,000 and 35,000 members served in the International Brigades, including 15,000 who died in combat; however there was never more than 20,000 brigade members present on the front line at one time.