History 3 Test 2 Study Guide

Front 1

What contributions did Walter Gropius make to Modren Architecture and architectural education in America?

Back 1

He found Bauhaus in Germany and Design Dessau campus. He migrate to US and taught at harvard and introduced bauhaus concept to architectural education. Founded TAC (The architects collaborative) 1945 Boston.

Front 2

What ideas did Mies van der Rohe contributte to Modern Architecture in America?

Back 2

The Concept of universal space providing programmatic flexibility. "Less is More" "God is in the detail" "Do you want to be interesting or good"

Front 3

What is CIAM and why was it created?

Back 3

1928- founded by Gropius, Sert, Giedion, le corb, and others: "Congres Internatianaux d'Architecture Moderne" - International Congresses for Modern Architecture. Created to help overcome resistance from academic and official establishment; provided forum for discussions with common formats.

Front 4

Who is Seigfreid Giedion?

Back 4

Art operates on a different plane, provide art to elevate population. "A decade of New Architecture" (book)
He was the first secretary-general of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne

Front 5

What is the Athens Charter? What are the 4 concepts of urban life used at CIAM to Study cities?

Back 5

On a ship 33 cities studied: Living, working, recreation and circulation. Serving users and clients, the people that inhabit the building, notion of users, idea of the making of the city instead of the making of architecture- principles of modern city planning.

Front 6

What is Brutalism in post-war England? Who are Peter & Alison Smithson?

Back 6

very severe buildings that show everything, the entire truth of the building is there everything is exposed; expressing the structure. Both involved in CIAM Hunstanton School

"raw concrete"Unité d'Habitation (1952) and the 1953 Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India. inspires movment

Brutalist quality through a rough, blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms, and services on its exterior

Front 7

What issues dominated post-WW II reconstruction in Europe?

Back 7

A lot Housing was needed, one of the things that developed is systems building. A need for schools - using the same technology and actually fabricated pieces and each architect assembles them into their own system (CLASP system)

Front 8

What were Nervi's contributions to post-war architecture in Italy?

Back 8

Pre-cast concrete, pieces that are put together, with clear story windows. Using structural purity as a general aesthetic. Columns as trees. Sport palace is a building he gained international recognition for: concrete structure, concrete goes up creating a pattern.

Front 9

How did Le Corb become involved in architecture in Brazil?

Back 9

1936-45 competition entry to design the Ministry of Education in Rio De Janeiro. Threw modernist drawings away but the winner of the competition: Lucio Costa requested that all modernist architect's whose designs were chosen to work on the project together.

Front 10

What is the significance of Brasilia and what influenced it's design?

Back 10

1950's- decision to create capitol in the middle, Lucio Costa won planning for competition, Oscar Niemeyer designed many of the buildings in Brasilia (1950-60), A giant airplane form, primary axis has all government in it. Idea of making city from scratch, First city designed for the automobile is a dominant factor in the city, but didn't account for the housing of the workers that worked on the city.

Front 11

What is The Radient City?

Back 11

1933: La Villa Radieuse by Le Corbusier = ideal city concept, idea of building great blocks of housing. They become self-sufficient neighborhoods in the sky in a park-like communal setting.

Front 12

What ideas and qualities are reflected in Corbusier Unite Habitation, la Tourette, Ron Champs & Chandigarh?

Back 12

Concrete expressing the construction formwork process, contrast of grey concrete w/ bright colors on building. using concrete in a rugged way. Idea of Screens -brises soleil sunscreens. Pilotis- that carry the building above the ground. Self-contained system with shopping street inside building. Roof-top recreation similar to what FLW did in the Larkin Building and Gropius in his model factory.

Front 13

How does Corbusier Carpenter Center at Harvard deal with contextualism?

Back 13

Cambridge, MA (1961-63) Only real building that he actually designed in United States, Contextural to USA concepts of transportation, "not campus” idea of America and circulation, freeway system, flyovers, You can see into all the studios, idea is that art is visible- a way of bringing the arts to people in a public pathway, Designed with Jose Luis Sert” Corbusier would send a 6B pencil drawing and have Jose design the building, Ramp does not connect to anything in a rational way, Use of skylights similar to Alvar Aalto, Use of color- painting the concrete in strategic places

Front 14

What role does Philip Johnson play in the early post war era?

Back 14

Johnson architecture is neo-classical, almost stripped down classicism at times. The Glass House (Johnson House), New Canaan, CN (1949), Many ways, more simpler than Farnsworth House, Has a brick base, Simple box, very elegant Miesian details, Only enclosed space is the bathroom, Issue of transparency and reflectance

Front 15

What qualities do we find in Eero Saarinen buildings? What technology evolved at the Gen. Motors Tech. Cntr.?

Back 15

”the style for the job”. Glass inserted into metal frames, transparency. Used new technology to make gasket curtain wall to hold glass in place. used new materials technology and forms.

Front 16

What does SOM personify in post war Modern architecture?

Back 16

The hijacking of modernism by corporate America
-Efficiency, functionalism and expression of technology (progress)
-The reflective glass skin = banality

Front 17

Why did Modern architecture appeal to corporate America as an architectural typology?

Back 17

because its efficiency and its functionalism

Front 18

What are Frank Lloyd Wright Textile Block Houses? Where is this technology used in Florida?

Back 18

Developed a construction technology that was concrete block but was highly decorative, concrete block with steel woven through it similar to reinforced concrete. Mayan (pre-columbian meso-american) in massing and details. Florida Southern College in Lakeland florida in 1938 uses textile-blocks with glass set in joints.

Front 19

How does Broadacre City compare to Corbusier urban ideas?

Back 19

Broadacre City is a decentralized urban city with detached single family housing on one acre lots with small urban center, which anticipated the car-oriented suburban development, whereas Corbusier ideal urban concept is building great blocks of housing elevated off the ground and they becoming self-sufficient neighborhoods, which eliminates the need for automobiles

Front 20

What are Usonian Houses and how do they compare to FLW Prairie Style homes?

Back 20

Houses designed in the 1930-50 which were of compact design, centralized kitchen, and open plan. Smaller houses for the middle class that were efficient, cost effective with no servant quarters. The Prairie Style homes were much the same with a centralized kitchen and open plan.

Front 21

How do FLW later projects compare to his 19th & early 20th century buildings?

Back 21

Later projects are less decorative, forms are more geometric, and uses curves and circle/spirals.

Front 22

What ideas by Louis I. Kahn influenced Modern architecture?

Back 22

Idea of monumentality even in everyday commonplace circumstances
-Fused modern functionality and technology with classical ordering
-Structure defines space and natural light illuminates form
-Structure is not to hold the building up but to define/organize the space
- Integration of mechanical and structure as a unified system

Front 23

How would you describe Mainstream Modernism in America?

Back 23

built with off the shelf components.

Front 24

What are the contributions of Buckminister Fuller?

Back 24

Created the Geodesic Dome with glass and an acrylic skin

Front 25

How has technology influenced Modern architecture?

Back 25

Using the idea of expressing the technology of a building with the architecture and vocabulary.

Front 26

What is Post Modernism? What is double coding?

Back 26

Ambiguity about the value and role of technology to society and the moralizing and uncompromising of Modernism out of sync with society. Certainty is made an old-fashioned concept, world is built on non-understandable things. Double coding: Buildings with layered meanings for the elite and the commoners ( appeals to those who understand the language of architecture and to those who don’t).

Front 27

What role does Venturi play in defining Post Modern ideology and philosophy?

Back 27

Venturi was the idea man behind what became basic principles of post-modernism though his buildings are not the best examples that demonstrate this.

Front 28

What concepts are embodied by the ugly duck & the decorated shed?

Back 28

The ugly duckling is modern architecture because it is so specific to the function that it cannot be used for anything else and it doesn’t use symbols but expresses the architecture through its functionality. The decorated shed is architecture with cultural symbols, a normal symbology that give a different reading to people. Messy vitality over obvious unity "Less is a bore" Idea of celebrating the ugly with the ordinary Architecture without architects.

Front 29

What cultural & scientific developments help set the stage for the evolution of Post Modernism?

Back 29

Robert Venturi published Complexity and Contradiction in America, which gave a reason to break the rules of modernism. Environmentalism and contextualism in buildings relating to context both historically and physically, Congress passed Historical Preservation Act

Front 30

What is Philip Johnson contribution to Post Modernism?

Back 30

International Style to Post Modernism- subtle layering of grids on the face of the building, Palladian motif for the facade, arcade along the inside in the middle, glass arcade in the back. (AT&T (Sony) Building)
the first post modern highrise building

Front 31

Why do we recognize the Portland Public Services Building?

Back 31

First major post-modern structure, ultimate example of a decorated shed, decorated outside with pints and symbols, brought in the use of color- a major component of architecture, the idea of the sculpture, giant keystone on two columns -- allusion to classical architecture, doing ordinary buildings but using cultural symbols, which is what modern architecture is really about

Front 32

How do Michael Graves and Charles Moore differ in their approach to Post Modernism?

Back 32

Michael Graves-- historical allusion, ambiguity, and color;
- Charles Moore-- historical allusion, more about sense of place, presence of the absence, more homogenous

Front 33

What is Deconstruction? What role did MOMA play in defining the movement?

Back 33

There is no fixed truth only chaos. The MOMA exhibit looks at readings and meanings of things, based on the concept of relativity. Deconstructivist architecture 1988 by philip johnson. Literary Post-Structuralist text deconstruction to find meaning in text not like architecture- locating the inherent dilemmas within buildings. Charles Jenks: Must have an orthodoxy which can be "subverted"

Front 34

What is critical regionalism as defined by Kenneth Frampton?

Back 34

modernism that is tempered by local culture called regionalism (termed by him in modern architecture).

Front 35

What are the characteristics of post war Japanese architecture?

Back 35

Fusion of modern and traditional culture. Reconstruction after the war and the modern phenomenon emerged in japan. Expressed the traditional cultural sensibility in modern, have a quality of construction that is better than the USA.

Front 36

How can environmentalism affect architecture? What qualities do we find in Glenn Murcutt’s architecture?

Back 36

environmentalism beyond saving energy using materials for global strategy using renewable resources. Glenn Murcutt uses the material of the rural vernacular; corrugated metal. Australian outback, contextualism and energy.

Front 37

Why is Mt. Vernon important to historic preservation in America?

Back 37

Ann P Cunningham (god mother of historical preserveration) raised money to buy mt. vernon from government, because government didn’t want it. Wanted to get rid of it.

Front 38

Why is 1966 important to historic preservation in America?

Back 38

Historic preservation act of 1966, National register of historic places made. Before the act everything before the civil war was important and nothing else, The act changed that.

Front 39

What are the four basic types or treatments of historic preservation as defined by the Secretary of the Interiors Standards?

Back 39

Perservation, Reconstruction, Restoration, Rehabilitation

Front 40

What is New Urbanism? Why is Seaside considered important?

Back 40

Histrorical preservation "with plumbing that works" adapting successful historic urban models. Mixed use development, diversity interconnected circulation.

Front 41

What is Japanese Metabolism and the Archigram Movement in England?

Back 41

Modular concept with idea of building onto the infrastructure. Plugged in architecture. With a frame and piece plugged in. in theory easily updated. THINK kinex.