History 1302 Test 1

Front 1

Why did the US government decide to move Indians to reservations?

Back 1

-European powers were expanding
-Americans stressed how they were different from Europeans
-imperialism and colonialism
-decimation of the bison herds
-chicanery and conquest

Front 2

Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie?

Back 2

-ceded a wide amount of Indian land to allow passage of wagon trains headed west.
-In return government promised that the rest of the Indian land would remain inviolated
-they hope to preserve their culture

Front 3

What was the outcome for Indians as a result of being settled on reservations?

Back 3

-poverty and starvation
-were dependent on government handouts and the assistance of Indian agents who, "did nothing but fill their pockets"
-Indians were ruled by outside bureaucrats
-their culture was assaulted, religion out lawed, children sent away to school, all in the name of progress and civilization

Front 4

What caused the decimation of buffalo herds on the Great Plains?

Back 4

-environmental and human factors
-fires, droughts, blizzards
-Indian buffalo robe traders(slaughtering), whites, and their cattle
-industrial expansion
-transcontinental rail system out the range into two herds
-

Front 5

How had the population of Native Americans changed by the end out the 1880's?

Back 5

-250,000 left from the 15 million original

Front 6

what was the outcome of the 1887 Dawes Act?

Back 6

-reduced Indian land from 138 million acres to 48 million
-dealt a crippling blow to traditional tribal culture

Front 7

Why did the US army slaughter unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee in1890?

Back 7

-Sitting bull was killed
-his people fled the scene and were apprehended by police
-Indians laid down their weapons
-soldiers took weapons from a Deaf Indian, but the gun went off, then soldiers opened fire

Front 8

What was the Comstock Lode?

Back 8

-named from Henry Comstock
-richest vein of silver in Nevada
-first major discovery of silver in the US

Front 9

What was the easiest way to accrue wealth in the silver mining industry

Back 9

-sell claims of land
-form minion companies and sell shares of stocks

Front 10

What was the most prevalent ethnic group working in the western mines?

Back 10

-Irish immigrants

Front 11

What effect did labor unions have in the western mining union?

Back 11

-held considerable bargaining power

Front 12

After 1875, what characterized the lives on women in Virginia City Nevada?

Back 12

-women made ip 30% of the population
-75% were house keepers
-some had multiple jobs

Front 13

What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

Back 13

-Whites were excluding Chinese immigrants and setting order for further immigrants
-the Chinese were thought to have brought the min. wage down

Front 14

What were the provisions of the 1862 Homestead Act?

Back 14

-promised 160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen, male or female, who settled on the land for 5 years

Front 15

How did the landscape of the trans-mississippi west change during the latter part of the 19th century?

Back 15

-transcontinental railroads opened up
-large commercial farms
-corporate consolidation in mining, ranching, and agriculture

Front 16

How did the Federal and State government encourage railroad construction?

Back 16

-land grants

Front 17

How did barbed ware change the cattle industry?

Back 17

-halted free range cattle leaving many cattle dead and many people displaced of jobs

Front 18

What caused growth in the agricultural sector of the economy during the latter part of the 19th century?

Back 18

-fever for fertile land ( Indian Territory opened)
-cattle

Front 19

How was the presence of African American cowboys in the west represented in the popular fiction of the time?

Back 19

-they ignored the presence of blacks and portrayed them as white men

Front 20

Which big business dominated American life in the second half of the 19th century?

Back 20

-industrialism

Front 21

What was the purpose of Vertical integration of business?

Back 21

-cutting costs by cutting out the middle man
-there was never a price, profit, or royalty paid to an outsider

Front 22

How did journalist Ida Tarbal characterize industrials John Rockefeller?

Back 22

-Heartless monopoly
-he used methods to take over the oil industry
-she had a very harsh view of him

Front 23

What was revolutionary about Alexander Graham Bell's telephone?

Back 23

-Americans could communicate locally and across the country
-connected both parties immediately and privately
-boom in business, contributing to speed and efficiency

Front 24

Why did J.P. Morgan issue watered stock

Back 24

-to keep investors happy and guarantee profits from sale of stock
-issued more shares than the asset of the company warranted

Front 25

What does the term oligopoly mean?

Back 25

-several companies control production
-small manufactures followed the lead of US steel in setting prices and dividing the market so each company held a comfortable share
-did not eliminate competition, it blunt it

Front 26

Why was the theory of Laissez-faire gaining acceptance in the late 19th century?

Back 26

-french for "let it alone"
-govt. shouldn't meddle in economic affairs except to protect private property
-they wanted to protect businesses from taxation, labor organization, and anti-trust legislation

Front 27

How as big business aided by the Supreme court's interrelation of the 14th amendment?

Back 27

-intended to protect free slaves, the state laws violating their rights to protect corporations
-corporations= "persons"
-no state can "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, w/o due process of law"
-legislation deprived corporations of "due process"

Front 28

What explains high voter turnout in the Gilded age

Back 28

-Patronage provided an economic incentive for voter participation
-ethnicity, religion, sectional loyalty, race, and gender

Front 29

What did the advocated of a "New South" in the years after Reconstruction hope to achieve?

Back 29

-cheap labor and abundant natural resources
-compete with Northern industries
-they wanted money and peer like the north

Front 30

-What reform movements allowed women to have indirect political influences during the late 19th century?

Back 30

-National woman's suffrage association
-general aeration of women's club
-temperance movement (to end drunkenness)

Front 31

Why did those seeking a govt. job worry about passing a qualifying examination?

Back 31

-made it impossible to remove job holders from contributing in political campaigns, drying up major sources of the party bosses revenue

Front 32

What job protection for federal workers was put into place by the 1883 Pendleton Act?

Back 32

-civil service
-set qualifications for US govt. jobs and sought to remove such jobs from political influence

Front 33

How did president Garfield's assassination aid the cause of civil service reform?

Back 33

-the people realized that Republicans created a political climate that produced Guiteau and lead to the second assassination in decades
-he wanted to end the spoils system

Front 34

What scandal surrounded Grover Cleveland in the president election of 1884?

Back 34

-he fathered an illegitimate child in an affair with a local widow

Front 35

What issues overshadowed presidents in the late 19th century?

Back 35

-high tariff
-raise the price of imported goods and stimulate American industry

Front 36

What groups were the most enthusiastic supporters of tariffs?

Back 36

-Republicans
-billion dollar congress

Front 37

How did the debate over tariffs divide the nation? Who tended to support protective tariffs?

Back 37

-southerners and midwesterners didn't like
-industrialists opposed lowering it
-it made the poor poorer and the rich richer

Front 38

Why did tariffs pose a threat to the nations prosperity by the 1880's

Back 38

-it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services

Front 39

What was the purpose and effect of the Interstate Commerce Commission?

Back 39

-1st federal law regulating the rail roads
-the willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest

Front 40

What were arguments for and against bimetallism during the Gilded Age?

Back 40

-bimetallism=the minting of silver and gold coins
-Rep. congress favored gold, voted to stop buying and minting silver , which was an act silver supporters denounced as the crime of '73

Front 41

On what basis did the green back labor party want the govt. to issue paper currency

Back 41

-not tied to the gold supply
-be based on wealth, land, labor, and capital, not reserves of gold

Front 42

What was the symbolic importance of the Brooklyn Bridge? (completed 1883)

Back 42

-Industrial might of the US
-labor of the nation's immigrants
-ingenuity and genius of its engineers and inventors
-the rise of iron and steel
-ascendancy of urban America

Front 43

What caused urban population to increase rapidly in the late 19th century?

Back 43

-NY, Chicago, and Phili the most
-patterns of global migration

Front 44

What enables US industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870's?

Back 44

-railroad expansion, low steamboat fares gave people mobility

Front 45

What characterized the life of newly arrived immigrants in the US?

Back 45

-general city dwellers and too poor to move on
-some stayed but some worked for a season and then returned home

Front 46

Why did southern blacks migrate to northern cities in the 1890's?

Back 46

-economic opportunity
-escape from institutionalized segregation and persecution

Front 47

Why did congress enact a literacy test for immigrants in 1896?

Back 47

-Congress knew the majority could neither read nor write
-they viewed the immigrants as undesirable and thought they brought down wages

Front 48

What did Jacob Riis hope to accomplish by publishing "How the other half lives"?

Back 48

-open the nation's eyes to conditions in the cities slums

Front 49

How did technological advances and mechanization limit the controls of skilled workers on shop floors?

Back 49

-breaking down skilled work into smaller tasks that could b performed by unskilled factory operatives

Front 50

Did skilled craftsman have an advantage over unskilled workers when it came to ensuring financial security?

Back 50

-no
-some work was seasonal
-2 major economic depressions happened
-there was no un-employment insurance or retirement

Front 51

How did business factors create the new class of white male salaried managers during the Gilded Age?

Back 51

expansion and consolidation
-offices and sotres
-corporate development separated management from ownership

Front 52

What group of workers were most impacted by the new business office that included typewriters and adding machines?

Back 52

-literate, middle class, white women

Front 53

How did the Great Railroad strike of 1877 begin?

Back 53

-industrial workers were losing ground in the workplace
-the depression left many w/o work
-man replaced by machine

Front 54

What were the goals of Samuel Gompers and his American Federation of Labor?

Back 54

-"pure and simple" unionism
-coordinated the activities of craft unions throughout the US
-organize skilled workers and use strikes to gain immediate objectives (higher pay and better working conditions)

Front 55

What reform were advocated by the Knight of Labor?

Back 55

-8 hour workday
-end to child labor
-equal pay for equal work
-graduated income tax

Front 56

Who organized and who attened the Haymarket gathering in Chicago in 1886?

Back 56

-strikers
-Spies and Parson

Front 57

What culture ideology guided the lives of middle-class American women throughout much of the 19th century?

Back 57

-cult of domesticity
-women's role in the home

Front 58

What shifts took place in working class courtship rituals in urban American during the Gilded Age?

Back 58

-young working women no longer met prospective husbands, only through family
-these women couldn't afford much so they were "treated" by men in exchange for sexual favors
-soon respectability and promiscuity became an issue

Front 59

What were two elements about public education in American cities that made that institution remarkable?

Back 59

-free secondary school education for all who wined to attend
-free public library system

Front 60

What was the function of a "city boss" from the 1870's to 1900?

Back 60

-building of the city and provided needed social services for new residents
-muscle of the city

Front 61

What even happened at the "white city" in Chicago?

Back 61

-Worlds columbian Exposition
-the grandest world's fair in the nations history