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64 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Panama Canal
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The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
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Platt Amendment
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This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.
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Great White Fleet
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16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries
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Victriano Huerta
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Need to fill
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Venustiano Carranza
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led a revolutionary movement against Huerta with support from the US; was later formally recognized as the de facto leader of Mexico; later pressed his own war against the bandits
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Francisco Villa
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Mexican revolutionary that led a rebellion against Carranza, new leader of Mexico, and his followers also killed American troops
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Veracruz
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The ancient Aztec city located on the Gulf of Mexico where U.S. General Winfield Scott defeated the Mexican army in one of the important battles of the Mexican-American War.
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John Pershing
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an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.
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Guns of August
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Germans pound neutral Belgium with siege cannons the size of freight cars; slicing west through Belgian countryside determined to overrun France before Russia arrived on the eastern front
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Franz Ferdinand
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archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
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Sarajevo
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Location where the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire was assassinated
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Austria-Hungary
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Declared war on Serbia because Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
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Central Powers
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in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
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Neutrality
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policy of supporting neither side in a war
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U-Boats
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German submarines used in World War I
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Lusitania
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A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
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Sussex Pledge
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A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.
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Charles Evans Hughes
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Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.
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Zimmermann telegram
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January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US
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Jeannette Rankin
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the first woman elected to congress. she was from Montana and voted against WWI as well as WWII.
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trench warfare
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Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.
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over the top
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Expression referring to climbing out of a trench or over the front edge of the trench to begin moving across no man's land.
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Russian Revolutions
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One in 1905. Two in 1917 during WWI - one in February and one in October. In Feb the Tsar abdicated and in October the Bolsheviks took power. Lenin did not want to be in the war.
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Bolsheviks
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Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI
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Vladmir Lenin
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(19th century)The Bolshevick leader who forced a class revolution on Russia. Ended Russian involvement in WWI. He attempted to turn Russia into an entirely communist state.
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Selective Service
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an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service
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William Gibbs McAdoo
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Secretary of Treasury who kept US on the gold standard; turned federal reserve into a central bank. controversial, but saved US economy during the war.
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War Industries Board
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Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.
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Benard Baruch
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was a Wall Street financier from South Carolina. He was put in charge of the War Industries Board by Wilson in 1918. He served as a staff member at the Paris Peace Conference. He was a member of the "Brain Trust" and helped form the NRA.
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Food Administration
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a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products
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Herbert Hoover
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U.S. president during stock market crash, who rejected the Progressive emphasis on activist government to pursue a program of minimal business regulation, low taxes, and high tariffs; encouraged businesses to regulate themselves, his belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.
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Fuel Administration
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Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.
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National War Labor Board
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a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war
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WIS
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Definition: • The Women in Industry Service • As a result of the increase in female employment • Advised employees to use female labor and created general standards for treatment of female workers Significance: • Represented the first attempt by the federal government to improve working conditions for women
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Committee on Public Information
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It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.
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George Creel
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head of the Committee on Public Information 1917 which was allegedly formed to combat wartime rumors by providing authoritative info. It served as propaganda agency proclaiming the govn'ts version of reality and discrediting those who questioned that version.
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Espionage and Sedition acts
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two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI
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Industrial Workers of the World
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Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
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Oliver Wndell Holmes
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need to fill
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Over There
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A song written by George M. Cohan in 1917 right after the declaration of war against Germany. This song was used in both world wars. This is significant because it demonstrates the passion for the war that the Creel Organization inspired in the American public.
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Belleau Wood
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The first battle that America was seriously involved in. They dug no trenches, and fought bravely. Great casualties were suffered, but emerged victorious.
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Marne River
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Site near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.
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Saint-Mihiel
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In the offensive on September 12th 1918, America showed her military prowess by stopping German forces in their retreat from France.
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Fourteen Points
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The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations
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Georges Clemenceau
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French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)
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David Lloyd George
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Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
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Armistice
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a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
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Influenza Pandemic
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1918 global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection, killing as many as 30 million people worldwide.
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Eric von Ludendorf
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Virtual 'dictator' of Germany during end of WWI
Escaped prosecution in Beer Hall Pursch Ran for president, received 1.1% of votes |
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Archangel
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Allies invaded here to stop Germans from taking supplies from Russia
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Versailles Treaty
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The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.
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Big Four/Big Three
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Refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, in Europe, following the end of World War I. It was called the Big Four/Big Three because the three major leaders were Woodrow Wilson (United States), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau (France); However, Vittorio Orlando (Italy) was also involved but remain more on the sidelines, making it the Big Four.
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Vittorio Orlando
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He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for Italy to acquire Dalmatia accounting to the secret Treaty of London
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League of Nations
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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
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Article X
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This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
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doughboy
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Nickname for American soldiers during WW1 based on the attire of union soldiers during the civil war
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Edith Bolling Wilson
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Second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She has been labeled "the Secret President" and "the first woman to run the government" for the role she played when her husband suffered prolonged and disabling illness after a stroke in October 1919.
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Red Scare
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Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.
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A. Mitchell Palmer
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Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
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