History 1302 Exam 2 #2

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Trinity Shirtwaist Company

Back 1

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City

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Progressivism

Back 2

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

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Pragmatism

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The policy of taking advantage of a situation for national gain

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John Dewey

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The "father" of progressive education, published "The School and Society" (1899) to suggest the need for an education that was practical and useful. He insisted that education should be child centered and that schools should build character, teach good citizenship, and be instruments of social reform.

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Behaviorism

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A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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Louis Brandeis

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progressive lawyer nominated to Supreme Court by Wilson, known for his brilliance and for fighting many public causes, his work earned him the name "the people's lawyer", first Jewish Supreme Court nominee

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Muckrakers

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This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

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Jacob Riis

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Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

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lynching

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The practice of an angry mob hanging a percieved criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be lynched by white mobs.

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Margaret Sanger

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American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

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Hull House

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Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 1889

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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English woman-militant in her demands-heckled politicians and held public demonstrations

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Eugenics

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the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)

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Americanization

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Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship

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Mann Act

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1910, gave the interstate comerce commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companie; included communications

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Galveston hurricane

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With over 8000 deaths, the "Boss" city government was unable to deal with the situation, leading to major political reform

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commission system

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System of city government in which all executive and legislative power is vested in a small elective board, each member of which supervises some aspect of city government

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city manager system

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Other than the commissioner system, this type of city government was instated to take the politics out of municipal administration.

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Robert La Follette

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Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

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Theodore Roosevelt

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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

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Square Deal

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Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

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Anthracite coal strike

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1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)

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Good trust/bad trust

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determined to respond to the popular outcry against the trusts but also determined not to throw out something valuable with something unwanted by smashing all large businesses

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Northern Securities

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A railroad trust organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill that was sued by the Sherman Antitrust Case, one of the first trusts to be busted by TR.

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Elkins Act

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Fined Railroads who gave rebates and shippers who accepted them. It gave more power than the ICC to regulate the monopolistic railroads.

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ICC

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Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry.

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Upton Sinclair

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Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

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conservatism

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a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.

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Gifford Pinchot

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head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

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John Muir

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United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

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William Howard Taft

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27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

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J. P. Morgan

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Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

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Sixteenth Amendment

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The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

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income tax

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Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

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New Nationalism

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Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

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Bull Moose

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a member or supporter of the US Progressive Party founded to support the presidential candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912

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Woodrow Wilson

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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

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Underwood-Simmons Tariff

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1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

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Federal Reserve Act

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Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

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Federal Trade Commission

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Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigates complaints against companies

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Clayton Antitrust Act

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Corrected the problems of the Sherman Antitrust Act; outlawed certain practices that restricted competition; unions on strike could no longer be considered violating the antitrust acts