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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan
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“Malice towards none, with charity for all”
Ordered generals to give generous terms upon surrender December 1863 – Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction “Loyal rule” to replace majority rule even before hostilities ended Pardons for all but highest Confederate soldiers and civilian officials As soon as 10% of voting population (in 1860) took the oath to the US and established a new government – recognized. Uptake is quick in occupied territories LA, TN, AR had “Lincoln Governments” in 1864 However, the gov’ts were weak and dependent on troops for survival Radicals Republicans in Congress considered 10% Plan a “mere mockery” of democracy |
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Thaddeus Stevens
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Thaddeus Stevens (Pa.) and Charles Sumner (Ma) led the opposition to Lincoln in the House and Senate
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Charles Sumner
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Thaddeus Stevens (Pa.) and Charles Sumner (Ma) led the opposition to Lincoln in the House and Senate
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Wade-Davis Bill
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July 1864 – Wade-Davis Bill emerges out of Congress with conditions for Southern re-admission
Demanded that a ‘majority’ of white male citizens participate in creation of a new government ‘iron clad’ oath necessary to vote or become a delegate to constitutional conventions All above the rank of Lieutenant and all civil Confederate official would be disenfranchised and deemed not a citizen of the US |
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Wade-Davis Manifesto
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Issue Wade-Davis Manifesto to newspapers claiming Lincoln’s usurpation of powers of Congress and disgraceful leniency
Fall of Atlanta rescues Lincoln and secures him a 2nd term |
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13th Amendment
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Provisions
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. January 31, 1865 – passes 119-56, two votes more than the required 2/3rds majority required March 3, 1865 – Freedmen’s Bureau created In its 4 years of existence – supplied food and medical services, built several thousand schools and some colleges and tried to manage the confiscated lands and negotiate labor contract between slaves and former masters Remains the most controversial aspect of Reconstruction Constitutional issues, opportunists-v-committed, and larger question of what social welfare obligations does a state or government have? |
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14th Amendment
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Proposed in 1866, ratified on July 9, 1868
Conferred citizenship on the freedmen and prohibited states from abridging their constitutional privileges and immunities Barred states from taking a person’s life, liberty or property without due process of law Guaranteed equal protection under the laws Barred Confederate leaders from holding state offices Only 2/3rds vote of each house could overturn this penalty Confederate debt null and void while guaranteeing the Union war debt Also, specified for the first time, voters as male, 21 year old Meanwhile, Johnson campaigned feverishly against its passage Elections of 1866 brought a 2/3rds Republican majority to the House and a resounding statement against Johnson and his plans As Johnson and Southern governments refused to compromise, Republicans felt they had no choice but to pursue their own course |
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15th Amendment
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Proposed in 1869, ratified February 3, 1870
Prohibits denial of vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Free however to deny based on other criteria Gender, wealth, immigrant status? With the passage of the 15th Amendment, many in the North considered Reconstruction over “Let us have done with Reconstruction” – NY Tribune in April 1870 Still many abolitionists worried about unfinished business |
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Compromise of 1877
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Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) v. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) Election under dispute in the remaining Rep. held states Louisiana, Florida and South Carolina returns were disputed Both sides claimed to have won despite fraud committed by the other side? Democrats decide they cannot win and accept a Republican President who was not going to continue Reconstruction Hayes as President in return for removal of troops from the South, federal aid for railroads and internal improvements Becomes known as the Compromise of 1877 |
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Freedmen's Bureau
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March 3, 1865 – Freedmen’s Bureau created
In its 4 years of existence – supplied food and medical services, built several thousand schools and some colleges and tried to manage the confiscated lands and negotiate labor contract between slaves and former masters Remains the most controversial aspect of Reconstruction Constitutional issues, opportunists-v-committed, and larger question of what social welfare obligations does a state or government have? Spring 1866 – Congress believed a compromise had been reached Asked for two modifications of his plan 1-year extension of Freedman’s Bureau |
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Civil Rights Bill of 1866
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Radical Reconstruction
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Constitution had given Congress the primary role in admission of states – therefore Congress shall administer readmission
Duty to guarantee republican form of government Although small in number, Radicals aided by clearly defined goals and unity of purpose Democratize the South, ensure black suffrage and the rights of the freed people Supported land confiscation and redistribution Wanted an activist government committed to racial equality Moderates and other Republicans wary of activist government, but now very angry! Johnson’s outright refusal to cooperate with Moderate and Conservative Republicans led to this anger |
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Radical Republicans
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1: 2, 4, 9
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Reconstruction Acts
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March 1867 – 1st Reconstruction Act
Officially readmitted states into the Union Created 5 military districts under Union Generals and garrisons Excluded Confederates as per the 14th Amendment Guaranteed suffrage in elections for state conventions Required states to ratify the 14th Amendment, draw up a new state constitution and submit it for Congressional approval The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Acts passed over next year would give details for voter registration, adoption of constitutions and administration of ‘good faith’ oaths on white citizens |
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The Tenure of Office Act
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Congress attempted to limit Johnson’s power by passing a number of controversial laws
Limited power over the army by requiring the President to issue military orders through the General of the Army, Ulysses S. Grant Passed the Tenure of Office Act giving Senate power to approve changes in the President’s Cabinet To protect Secretary of War Stanton Violated tradition of Presidential control over cabinet |
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Andrew Johnson
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1: [...]
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Black Codes
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Spring 1866 – Congress believed a compromise had been reached
Asked for two modifications of his plan 1-year extension of Freedman’s Bureau Passage of a Civil Rights Bill to counteract Black Codes Federal judges able to remove cases from state courts to avoid discrimination |
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Jim Crow Laws
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Grandfather Clause
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Sharecropping system
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Congress attempted to limit Johnson’s power by passing a number of controversial laws
Limited power over the army by requiring the President to issue military orders through the General of the Army, Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant nominated by Republicans Horatio Seymour nominated by Democrats Grant wins easily supporting Congressional Reconstruction and black suffrage Grant is never really committed to military rule in the South Imposing some and relenting on other points Within a year, army in the South is reduced form over 1 million to just over 57,000 By 1874 – fewer than 4,000 troops in the South outside of Texas |
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Carpetbagger
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Corruption becomes rampant as higher taxes needed to repair the infrastructure of the South
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags become scapegoats Ku Klux Klan emerges in Tennessee in 1866 purposefully active across the South as early as 1867 |
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Scalawag
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Corruption becomes rampant as higher taxes needed to repair the infrastructure of the South
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags become scapegoats Ku Klux Klan emerges in Tennessee in 1866 purposefully active across the South as early as 1867 |
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Ku Klux Klan
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Corruption becomes rampant as higher taxes needed to repair the infrastructure of the South
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags become scapegoats Ku Klux Klan emerges in Tennessee in 1866 purposefully active across the South as early as 1867 |
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"Redeemer" Democrats
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(reconstruction reversed)
New issues began to capture attentions up North Slowly Democrats begin to oust Republicans “Southern Redemption” begins in the 1870’s Redeemer Democrats become the rescuers of the South from Negro Domination and Carpetbag rule |
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William H. Seward
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???
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presidential election of 1876
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Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) v. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) Election under dispute in the remaining Rep. held states Louisiana, Florida and South Carolina returns were disputed Both sides claimed to have won despite fraud committed by the other side? Democrats decide they cannot win and accept a Republican President who was not going to continue Reconstruction Hayes as President in return for removal of troops from the South, federal aid for railroads and internal improvements Becomes known as the Compromise of 1877 |
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The Battle of Little Big Horn
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Most infamous battle – Little Bighorn (1876)
Lakota and Cheyenne led by Sitting Bull massacred 256 men led by Col. George A. Custer |
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The Dawes Severalty Act
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1887- Dawes Severalty Act reversed Indian policy
Community owned properties dissolved in favor of individual owned allotments Held in trust by the government for 25 years Citizenship to all who accepted their allotments All unused allotments were to be sold to whites Purpose was to ‘Americanize’ and fight tribal relations by individualizing them and introducing the notion of private property Children to be educated in boarding schools Leaves generations caught between two worlds – inferior in both |
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Barbed wire
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Good fences make for good neighbors?
But lacking an economical means of enclosing lands Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Ill. (1873) comes up with barbed wire 80.5 million pounds of it sold in 1880 alone! |
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Menlo Park
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The Edison Electric Light
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George Westinghouse
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Henry Ford
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The Five-Dollar-Day Plan
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Holding Companies
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Vertical Integration
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Horizontal Integration
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Pools
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Trusts
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Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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Knights of Labor
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Haymarket Riot
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The Pullman Strike
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Terence vs. Powderly
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Samuel Gompers
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Eugene vs. Debs
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Department stores and chain stores
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John D. Rockefeller
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Social Darwinism
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The Gospel of Wealth
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Dumbell Tenements
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