History 1301 Final

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Term used to describe a movement that advocated territorial expansion and industrial growth in the name of patriotism.

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Young America

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An agreement with Britain that resolved the boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada and set the Northeastern U.S. border.

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Webster-Ashburton Treaty

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Fort in San Antonio where Mexican troops killed a group of American rebels; however, lost the battle

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Alamo

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A term used to refer to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded it, God supported it, and that national expansion would equal an expansion of freedom.

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Manifest destiny

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A conflict in 1846-1848 between the United States and Mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As a result, the U.s. acquired a vast amount of new territory from Mexico.

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Mexican-American War

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Signed in 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas and ceded an additional 500K square miles to the U.S. for $15 million.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Introduced by congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in 1846 shortly after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War. The amendment stated that any lands won from Mexico would be closed to slavery.

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Wilmot Proviso

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The concept that the settlers of a newly organized territory have the right to decide through voting whether to accept slavery.

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Popular sovereignty

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A third party that was organized in 1848 and proposed to exclude slavery from federal territories and nominated former president Martin Van Buren in the presidential election that year. This party will go on to become the Republicans

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Free-soil party

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A series of five congressional statutes that temporarily calmed the sectional crisis. It made California a free state, ended the slave trade in D.C., strengthened the Fugitive slave law, establish the area gained in the Mexican War under popular sovereignty, and Texas yields to New Mexico and is paid $10 million.

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Compromise of 1850

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Federal law passed in 1850 and made it easier for slaveowners to recapture runaway slaves. It also made it easier for kidnappers to take free blacks.

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Fugitive slave law

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Passed in 1854 and repealed the Missouri Compromise, split the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, and allowed its settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. This enflamed the slavery issue and led opponents to form the republican party.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic party that rose to national prominence after the collapse of the Whig party.

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Know-nothing party

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This proposal would have extended the Missouri compromise line west to the pacific

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Crittenden Plan

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A key point in the Union's war strategy that would encircle the south with a naval blockade and capture the Mississippi River corridor.

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Anaconda Plan

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President Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the confederacy were free on January 1, 1863.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Northern democrats suspected of being indifferent or hostile to the Union cause in the Civil War.

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Copperheads

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The political party that was established following the enactment of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. They were opposed to the extension of slavery in the western territories.

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Republican Party

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considered transitional govt that transferred the colonies from under the monarchy to new states. Drawn up in 1777 and ratified in 1781.

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Articles of Confederation

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The father of the American Constitution.

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James Madison

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He becomes the vice president to George Washington and the second president of the United States.

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John Adams

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Was the first secretary of treasury and developed the Bank of the United States. He wanted to wed together the upper class and the government. He passed the excise tax on Whiskey and the assumption bill.

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Alexander Hamilton

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President of the 2nd bank of the United States.

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Nicholas Biddle

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Founder and famous writer of the "Liberator." Wanted immediate emancipation without compensation.

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William Lloyd Garrison

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A series of evangelical protestant revivals that swept over American in the early nineteenth century.

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The second Great Awakening

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Led the Texas land grant system, in which people could come to Texas for land, but had to come under the Mexican government and accept the Roman Catholic Church.

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Stephen F. Austin

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He was the president of Mexico and general who led 4K troops at the Battle of the Alamo.

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Santa Ana

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Ran for president in the election of 1844 against Clay and James Polk. Candidate for the liberty party. Acquired 62K popular votes but no electoral votes.

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James Birney

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Democrat who was elected president in the election of 1844. Considered the "dark horse" candidate. He was the governor of Tennessee and mentored by Andrew Jackson. He was for the expansion of slavery.

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James Polk

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Was sent to the Nueces River with U.S. troops in the summer of 1845 over a disagreement between Texas and Mexico over boundary. He wins the election in 1848. 2nd president to die during his presidency.

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Zachary Taylor

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Officer in the Army Corps of Engineer who was sent on 3 expeditions to California between 1843-1845 to explore the land and place U.S. troops in the region

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John C. Fremont

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U.S. commanding officer in the Mexican war who led 14K men in 3 major battles. Buena Vista, Cerro Gordo, and Mexico City.

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Winfield Scott

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Drew up the Treaty of Gaudalupe Hildago in 1848 that ultimately ended the Mexican war.

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Nicholas Trist

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Young senator from the north who argued in the second phase of the senate debate and wanted immediate emancipation of slavery.

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William Seward

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Young senator from the midwest who argued in the second phase of the senate debate for the economic needs of his section. He was an advocate for popular sovereignty. Proposed that congress vote on the compromises one at a time.

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Stephen A. Douglas

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Democrat from New Hampshire who endorsed the compromise of 1850. Wins the presidency of 1852.

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Franklin Pierce

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A collection of weekly installments in antislavery newspapers. Written in a genre of romantic radicalism. Sold 3K copies on the first day, 300K the first year, and 3 million worldwide.

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"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

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Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

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Harrient Beecher Stowe

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Killed 5 proslavery settlers in Pottowatomie Massacre with is sons.

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John Brown

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A symbol of sectional strife in which proslavers sacked Lawrence, Kansas because it was the center of the antislavery movement. 200 died and $2 million in property was destroyed.

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Bleeding Kansas

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Gave a speech about the "Crime against Kansas" and was brutally attacked by his nephes with a cane.

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Charles Sumner

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Democrat who won the election of 1856. Endorsed the KA-NE act and defended popular sovereignty.

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James Buchanan

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Stated that a slave had no rights that any court was bound to obey.

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Dred Scott Decision

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A series of 7 debates in which Lincoln was accused of wanting to mix races, when he actually just wanted to preserve the union.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

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Plotted to start a general slave insurrection in the South financed by the secret six of New England.

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John Brown

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A plan to take over a federal arsenal to arm blacks in John Brown's Raid in 1859.

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Hapers Ferry Raid

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Ran as a republican in the most important election. He wanted no expansion of slavery. He wins and in turn South Carolina withdraws from the union. Eventually 10 states will follow.

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Abraham Lincoln

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Lincoln first tried to resupply this fort; however, the south will take it by force and fire the first shots.

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Fort Sumter

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South Carolina withdraws from the union. 5 states follow in Jan 1861 and Tx in Feb 1861. After the first shots were fired, 4 more states will withdraw.

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Seccession Process

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The states that bordered the north and the south including MO, KY, MD, and DE.

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Border states

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President of the confederacy

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Jefferson Davis

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Sept. 17, 1862 considered the bloodiest day in which 5K were killed.

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Battled of Antietam

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Considered the bloodiest battle on July 1-3, 1863 in which 50K were killed.

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Battle of Gettysburg

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Thomas Jackson developed this nickname during the battle of bull run.

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Stonewall Jackson

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Union victory led by U.S. Grant in which the south's general was killed and a railroad hub was taken over in Corinth, MS.

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Battle at Shiloh

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Union victory led by Grant in which he crossed the MS river downstream and hit from the east. Place was put under siege for 6 weeks and surrendered on July 4 due to lack of food and supplies.

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Battle of Vicksburg

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Wilson's Creek

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Confederate Victory
S-Sterling Price
N-Nathaniel Lyon
South had double the troops of the North. Lyon was killed

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Western Virginia

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Union Victory
N-George McClellan. North helped to liberate the mountain state. Virginia became a free state in 1863

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First battle of Bull Run or Manassas.

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Confederate Victory
S-General Beauregard
N-General McDowell. General Thomas Jackson developed the nickname "Stonewall." The north is routed and retreats in confusion to different areas. McDowell will be replaced with McClellan.

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Battle of New Orleans

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Union Victory
N-Commodore David Farragut commanded 17 ships. General Ben Butler.
S-loses it's largest city and greatest banking and trade center.

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Battle of Fort Henry & Fort Donelson

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Union Victory
S-General Buckner
N-Ulysses S. Grant
South will lose 13.5K men and 12K will become POWs

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Battle of Shiloh, TN

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Union Victory
N-U.S. Grant
S-Albert Sydney Johnston
There were 25K casualties in 2 days. Johnston was killed. Union forces take over the railroad hub in Corinth, MS

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The 2nd battle of Bull Run

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Confederate Victory
N-General Pope
S-Robert E. Lee
Lee threw back the attack and makes an orderly withdraw this time.

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The Battle of Antietam

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Union Victory
N-McClellan
S-Robert E. Lee
5K were killed in one day and 26K total. Lee's invasion was stopped and he returned to Virginia and McClellan does not pursue and is in turn removed from command.

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Battle of Fredricksburg

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Confederate Victory
N-General Ambrose Burnside
S-Robert E. Lee
The north suffers many casualties bc they charged up the heights 14 times.

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Battle of Chancellorville

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Confederate Victory
N-Joseph Hooker
S-Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee divides his forces and outflanks the union army; however, Lee's general, Jackson, will be wounded by friendly fire and will later die due to complications.

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Battle of Vicksburg

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Union Victory
N-U.S. Grant
S-Pemberton
Grant realizes that he cannot take the fortress head on so he crosses the Mississippi River downstream and came at Vicksburg from the east. Vicksburg is put under siege for 6 weeks and surrendered on July 4th due to lack of food and supplies.

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Battle of Gettysburg

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Union Victory
N-George Meade
S-Lee
3 day battle. Day 1 the confederates drove the union army back. Day 2 General Longstreet was tardy and his assaults on the extreme left and right flanks was in vain. Day 3 General Lee orders a Frontal assault on the center of the line. There were 50K total casualties and Lee loses 1/3 of his army. Meade allows Lee to retreat on July 4th.

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The Wilderness Campaign

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N-Grant
S-Lee
A series of battles in which Grant actively pursued Lee and engaged him. He would not allow Lee's army to rest.

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A type of psychological warfare that was 300 miles long and 60 miles wide. Stretched from Atlanta to the Sea. Burned everything in their path.

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Sherman's march to the sea

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Assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater.

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John Wilkes Booth

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The Great Compromiser

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Henry Clay

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Led a slave insurrection that killed approximately 60 whites and lasted for 2 days.

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Nat Turner

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Leader of the Mormon religion

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Joseph Smith

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The south was the first to draft men into the military in April 1862 and the north followed shortly thereafter in July 1863. In both cases you could buy your exemption either in money or if you had 20 or more slaves.

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Conscription

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Riots began when only 6% of the drafted men were actually enlisted and the rest bought a substitute.

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New York draft riots

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Captured and defeated Santa Ana at the Battle of San Jacinto. He will use him as a bargaining chip.

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Sam Houston

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This battle will result in the capture and defeat of Santa Ana and Texas will become the Independent Lone Star Republic.

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Battle of San Jacinto

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President before the annexation of Texas.

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John Tyler

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He believed that the territories belong to the States United not the United States. Federalism vs. States' Rights.

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John C. Calhoun

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Drew up the Wilmot Proviso that stated that slavery would be prohibited in any territory secured from Mexico. He said that freedom is national and slavery is sectional.

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David Wilmot

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Ran on the democratic party in the election of 1848.

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Lewis Cass

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A widespread evangelical religios revival movement in the mid 1700s. This movement divided congregations and weakened the authority of established churches in the colonies.

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The Great Awakening

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Throughout the conflict with Great Britain, many colonists sided with the king and parliament because they feared that American liberty might envoke social anarchy.

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Loyalists

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A worldwide conflict that pitted Briain against france for control of North America. With the help of the colonies, Britain won the war and eliminated France as a power on the North American Continent. Also known as the Seven-years war.

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French-Indian War

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Appointed chief justice of the Supreme court after Marshall. He was catholic. Ruled in the Dred Scott Case

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Roger Taney

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Became vice president under Adams, his adversary, and then became the 3rd president of the United States in 1801-1809.

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Thomas Jefferson

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One of the contributors of the Federalist Papers and negotiator of the Jay's Treaty of 1794.

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John Jay

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One of the founding fathers of the United States of America and a diplomat during the American Revolution.

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Benjamin Franklin

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7th president of the U.S. Was against the Bank of America and declared war on it. Was for indian removal and not an advocate for states' rights.

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Andrew Jackson

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9th president in the Election of 1840. He was part of the Whig party and was a national hero before becoming president. Was born in a log cabin and was a simple man.

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William Henry Harrison

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Severely beat Charles Sumner with a cane during a government meeting.

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Preston Brooks