History (1301) Exam 1

Front 1

Vikings

Back 1

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Front 2

muslim city-states

Back 2

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Front 3

The Crusades

Back 3

large class of knights in europe has nobody to fight. pope urban II calls for a Crusade to retake the Holy Land.

First Crusade (1095-1099)
-ends with siege and fall of Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1147-1149)
-response to Muslim recapture of Edessa, largely unsuccessful

Emergence of Salah al-Din
-sultan of Egypt, consolidates power in syria... Battle of Hattin and Jerusalem falls

Third Crusade (1187-1192)
-led by Philip II of France, Richard I of England, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Consequences of Crusades:
-social, economic, commercial, and cultural. the Renaissance.. exchange of ideas, technologies and goods influencing Europe.
-Rediscovering Greek and Roman knowledge (islamic science and astronomy, arabic numerals, food and ag techniques, and weapon development)
-trade increases to meet new demands
-restoration of East/West trade and traffic in Europe... jump start for the Renaissance

Front 4

Council of Clermont

Back 4

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Front 5

Salah al-Din

Back 5

sultan of egypt, consolidated power in Syria

Part of the Crusades:
-battle of hattin (1887)
-jerusalem falls (1887)

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The Great Mortality

Back 6

1347-1351

"ring around the rosie, pocket full of posies, ashes ashes, we all fall down"

40%-50% of European population dead in a 4 yr period

government had no answer, seemed the end of the world was near, severe cultural and religious impact

Front 7

Johann Gutenberg

Back 7

printing press in 1440's after the Plague

Front 8

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 8

leader of the portuguese explorers (1480's)

Front 9

Portuguese Explorers

Back 9

-Columbus (trained by the Portuguese)

-Prince Henry the Navigator

-Bartholomew Diaz

-Vasco de Gama

Front 10

Christopher Columbus

Back 10

portuguese trained explorer

-he petitioned portuguese in 1484, thought he underestimated the circumference of the earth

-convinced the spanish and set sail August of 1492 (... sailed the ocean blue, blah blah)

-died believing he reached Cathay or the Indies

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Spanish explorers

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Front 12

Columbian Exchange

Back 12

-europeans bring livestock, disease.. smal pox, measles, chicken pox, hispaniola- 4 million people in 1492

impact: loss of population, skills, history, and oral tradition

-europeans gain maize, squash, potatoes, tobacco and chocolate. sugar cane, rice and coffee, syphilis and malaria

-price revolution: 35 million pounds of silver, and over 400,000 pounds of gold exported to Spain

(final irony of columbus??)

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Aztecs

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Front 14

Incans

Back 14

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Front 15

Sir Walter Raleigh

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1585

Roanoke Colony (present day North Carolina)
-108 settlers set off
-problems with the natives
-most choose to leave
-supply ship doesn't make it back until 1590 and everyone is gone. "Coatoan" written somewhere

Front 16

Roanoke

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(present day North Carlolina)
-108 settlers
-problems with natives
-supply ship takes 5 years, everyone is gone
-Sir Walter Raleigh

Front 17

Jamestown

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-virginia company set up in 1606

-settled 1607, 104 men and boys... ill prepared and unlucky, only 38 alive by 1608

Problems:
-geography/drought
-attitude... gentlemen-adventurers, Jon Smith acts as a savior (implemented martial law, everyone works)
-starving time 1609-1610 following Smith's departure, 60 of 214 survived
-conditions slowly improve... 1300 of 8000 colonists alive by 1624

Front 18

Captain John Smith

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-acted as a savior to colonists in JAMESTOWN, implemented martial law (everyone works)

Front 19

Headright System

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50 acres for each paid settler brought to Virginia

Front 20

Virginia Company

Back 20

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Front 21

joint-stock company

Back 21

population in britain doubled from 1530-1630... an economic factor leading to colonization

-company where capital is pooled in a common fund, shareholders and stock

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Glorious Revolution

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Front 23

Phillip II

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Front 24

Henry VIII

Back 24

-a religious factor leading to colonization

-

Front 25

Sir Francis Drake

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a 'sea-dog' with Raleigh and Gilbert

Front 26

Martin Luther

Back 26

-95 thesis in 1517

-challenged the teachigns of the church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences

-one man and his bible able to find salvation!

Front 27

John Calvin

Back 27

-settled in Geneva in the 1530s

-took Luter's doctrine of salvation to it's logical end

-no salvation through good works, then no certainty of salvation at all

-doctrine of PREDESTINATION... elect chosen by god even efore the creation of the world

Front 28

St. Augustine

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NEW SPAIN

-1565, set up to protect shipping lanes

-OLDEST CONTINUOUSLY OCCUPIED EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT!

Front 29

Jesuits

Back 29

-arrive in Quebec in 1625

-learn native languages and move out into wilderness

-trained in rhetoric and literacy, able to predict solar and lunar events

-(desire to learn literacy was the key to native adoption of Jesuit message)

Front 30

Powhatan Confederacy

Back 30

-6 Algonquian villages and outlying tribes

-euros as allies.. good source of weapons for excess food

-deeply religious and agrarian society with political and social hierarchies

Front 31

John Rolfe

Back 31

something about tobacco in 1611

Front 32

tobacco

Back 32

-marketable crop found

-john rolfe, 1611

-1620, exporting 40k lbs... late 20's 1.5 million lbs.

-virginia company reforms...
headright system in 1618 (50 acres for each paid settler brought to Virginia)

-house of burgesses in 1619

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indentures servitude

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Front 34

"seasoning"

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-being able to survive the season

-malaria, typhoid, and dysentery... 40% didn't survive long enough to be free, life span of 20 years in Virginia for servants

-real possibility of advancement if you survived

Front 35

Mayflower Compact

Back 35

-first governing document of the Plymouth colony

-written by the colonists later known as the Pilgrims

-(separatists tried to isolate themselves from the new world, got off course and ended up outside of Chesapeake and stayed anyways)

Front 36

Pilgrims

Back 36

SEPARATISTS, 1609, Leiden in the Netherlands searchign for religious freedom denied to them by te Stuart Monarchs... believed religious toleration was a corrupting influence

-became "pilgrims" hoping to isolate themselves in the New World... given permission from Virginia Company to colonize nothern part of it's territory

-Sept 1620, 130 people, 100 "strangers" and 30 separatists set sail on the Mayflower

Front 37

John Winthrop

Back 37

elected governor October 1629, continued in one leadership post or another for next 20 years until he dies.

-helped to organize first phases of the GREAT MIGRATION

Front 38

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Back 38

1629.

-CONGREGATIONALISTS, hoped to reform churhc from within

-Charles I more hostile to Puritans than James I... increasingly convinced religious freedom was at risk in their homeland

-puritan merchants obtain royal charter and set up Mass Bay Company

-remained committed to the goal of reforming the Church of England, but convinced that the goal could only be achieved in America... moved HQ out of Mass. Bay. Co to New England, no longer answerable to anyone in England!

Front 39

Puritans

Back 39

Puritan merchants involved in the Mass. Bay. Co.

-obtained a royal charter and set up Mass. Bay Company

Front 40

Anne Hutchison

Back 40

-more substantial challenge to Puritans, skilled medical practitioner, tending to women in their home, daughter of a minister and trained by her father

-preaching "covenant of grace" to women in her home, accused of preaching heresy- dangerous challenge to Puritan Orthodoxy

-banished and eventually killed by Indians, her death was "proof of her wickedness"

Front 41

Roger Williams

Back 41

-separatist who migrated in 1631 who quickly ran against the Puritan orthodoxy, questioned idea of king of england granting land already occupied by indians, believed church and state should be separate, puritans shouldn't impose beliefs on others

-october 1635, convicted and banished, founded Providence, eventually would become the RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND in 1636

Front 42

Great Migration

Back 42

-John Winthrop

-1630, over 1000 to New England
-1630-1643, 20,000 migrants

-1630 on the Arbella, preachign Puritanical Vision of New England... "city on a hill" vision, (communal ideal, collective ahead of the individual)

-by 1635, most indians within 300 mile radius were dead from small pox, winthrip remarked with satisfaction, "the Lord hath cleared our title to what we possess."

Front 43

map of the 13 colonies

Back 43

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Front 44

halfway covenant

Back 44

1662, children could be baptized, but only half-members of church without the right to vote

Front 45

chattel slavery

Back 45

between 1492 and 1700, more Africans than Europeans came to the New World... however, only 4.5% coming to the English colonies

-when slaves are considered their master's property

Front 46

"middle passage"

Back 46

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Front 47

James I

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Front 48

Charles I

Back 48

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Front 49

Oliver Cromwell

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Front 50

Charles II

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Front 51

James II

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comes tot he throne in 1685

-seeks to bring order and consolidate control... mix of royal, proprietary and independent colonies

-biggest target was New England... hotbed of smuggling, and religious intolerance (refused to allow freedom of religion to non-Congregationalists, incompatible with English practice)

Front 52

Stono Rebellion

Back 52

1739

-20 south carolina slaves seize guns and ammo and go on a rampage... oter join and head for florida-burning 7 plantations, killing 20 whites

-worst fears confirmed of the south

Front 53

The Enlightenment

Back 53

examining nature in order to determine the laws governing the universe

-experimentation and abstract reasoning used to discover the principles behind phenomena and the natural world

-above all... knowledge through reason and th echallening of previously unchallenged assumptions!

-supplied americans and europeans with a common scientific vocabulary... and common purpose of the use of reason to make sense of God's creation

-Ben Franklin=prime example

-other philosophers will alter conception of government and the natural rights of man

Front 54

Great Awakening

Back 54

period of heightened religious activity

Front 55

Jonathan Edwards

Back 55

puritan, PLAYED CRITICAL ROLE IN THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

-oversaw some of the first fires of revival

Front 56

George Whitefield

Back 56

an anglocan itinerant cleric who helped spread the great awakening by traveling and preaching

Front 57

Navigation acts

Back 57

1651-1673

1) all trade between england and the colonies must be on english or colonial build ships, owned and operated by englishmen

2) all european imports to the colonies must go through engalnd, subject to english taxation duties

3) certain "enumerated goods" must go only to england... wool, sugar, tobacco, indigo, ginger, rice, copper, furs and naval supplies, etc.

-colonial products not allowed to compete with english goods, such as wool clothing, hats and iron

-customs office established in 1671

-caribbean and chesapeake had ability ot sell in other markets taken away

-northern and middle colonies produced "un-enumerated" goods

-Vice-Admiralty courts established in 1696.. adjudicating violations of hte navigation acts without juries, attempting to keep the decisions out of local hands

Front 58

Enumerated goods

Back 58

certain goods that must only go to England

-wool, sugar, tobacco, indigo, ginger, rice, copper, furs and naval supplies such as masts, tar, pitch, and turpentine

Front 59

Mercantilism

Back 59

assumptions:
-competing nations
-fixed amount of resources with wealth
-one gains, another loses

-goal of self-sufficiency and maintenance of a favorable balance of trade

colonies key to this:
-raw materials
-markets
-capital

Front 60

Bacon's Revolution

Back 60

land crunch and development of local elites leads to rebellions...

-protest against native american raids on the frontier let by Nathanial Bacon in the Virginia Colony

Front 61

Great War for the Empire

Back 61

1756-1763

-Seven Years War or French and Indian War (US is main theater of action)

-fighint over control of Ohio Valley, furs and access to Mississippi River

-role of the natives: things go badly for british initially, natives more trusting of Frenc anyways, stay neutral or fight with the French

-Prime Minister William Pitt realizes importance of the war... commits full resources to the fight and prmises full repayment of colonial expenditures (colonial militia nad redcoats fighting side by side)

-victory: treaty of paris in 1763

Front 62

George Washington

Back 62

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Front 63

virtual representation

Back 63

idea that the colonists were being represented by Parliamant in England... not legitimate though

Front 64

Paxton boys

Back 64

continued vigilantism...
PAXTON BOYS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

-marched to philidelphia demanding funds to fight indians... assembly refused, used militia to prevent violence in Philly

-could do nothing to stop the violence against the peaceful natives on the frontier, conostoga massacre

Front 65

King Philip's War

Back 65

land crunch and development of local elites leads to rebellions...

-armed conflict between native american inhabitants and english colonists residing in southern New England

Front 66

Dominion of New England

Back 66

1686-1689

-charters from all colonies from New Jersey to New Hampshire suspended

-created the dominion of New England 1686, parliament dissolved all of the colonial assemblies, Sir Edmund Andros was Governor

-April 1689, Boston's leaders jailed Andros, in may hear about the Glorious Revolution

Front 67

Sir Edmund Andros

Back 67

-the Dominion of New England was created in 1686

-Andros was the governor, needed to noly consult with appointed council to make laws and levy taxes

Front 68

Sugar Act

Back 68

1764- aka Revenue Act

-halved te duties on sugar from the 1733 act

-hoped drop in tax would make it more collectable

-accompanied by more concerted efforts to stamp out smuggling

-intent of the legislation made the Colonists unhappy

Front 69

Stamp Act

Back 69

1765

-based on a british tax

-tax on legal documents, newspapers, dice, playing cards, all printed material

-enormous in scope

-paid in hard currency

-violators tried in Vice-Admiralty courts

-seemed to be losing all rights... trial by jury and taxation

Front 70

Stamp Act Congress

Back 70

-37 delagates from 9 colonies (georgia, north carolina, virginia, and new hampshire absent... not affected as much)

-draft a unified yet conservative statement of opposition, stressing the negative economic effects

Front 71

Townshend Duties

Back 71

"acts" not "duties"

-duties on trade goods: lead, paper, glass, tea

-seemed to be another extention of navigation acts

-different from navigation acts because they aplied to goods from britain

-anti-mercantilist, and revenues go to fund the salaries of royal officials in colonies

Front 72

Patrick Henry

Back 72

virginia stamp act resolves

Front 73

Daniel Dulany

Back 73

consideration on the propriety of imposing taxes on the british colonies

Front 74

John Dickenson

Back 74

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Front 75

Declaratory Act

Back 75

1766, one of a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies and cancel the majority of the effects of the Stamp Act

-stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

Front 76

Gaspee Affair

Back 76

June 10, 1772

-british ship patrolling Rhode Island, seizing ships and cargo for customs and violations

-burnt to the waterline, "no one saw a thing"

Front 77

Tea Act

Back 77

british east india company was in trouble:

-boycotts had hurt business along with smuggled dutch tea into the colonies

-grant them a monopoly, ability to bypass british customs into london

-loewrs prices, cheaper than smuggled tea, townshend tax still remains on tea (they're trying to make it attractive to the colonists, but they're still refusing to drink it)

Front 78

Intolerable Acts

Back 78

or Coercive Acts.. March 1774

-Borton Port Act

-Massachusetts Government Act (replaced elected governor's council with appointed one, increased the powers of the Governors, restricted town meetings)

-Administration of Justice Act, trials moved outside colonies for government of customs officials

-Quartering Act, commandeering privately owned building for housing of troops

drive to separate the trouble-makers in Boston from other colonies

Front 79

Boston Tea Party

Back 79

december 16, 1773

342 chests of tea worth 10,000 dumped into the harbor by colonists dressed as savages

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Boston Massacre

Back 80

march 1770

4 dead, 8 wounded

-john adams and josiah quincy jr. defend soldiers to try to avoid the soldiers becoming martyrs too

-all but 2 acuitted, 2 branded on the thumb and released

Front 81

Non-importation Associations

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