History 120 Midterm Ii

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Mercantilism

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The economic notion that a nation should amass wealth by exporting more than it imports; colonies are valuable in a mercantile system as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods.

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Enumerated Goods

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Goods in the colonies that had been added to the official British list of regulated goods and crops

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Virtual Representation

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The idea that the members of Parliament spoke for the interests of all British subjects rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them.

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New Lights vs. Old Lights

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Old lights practiced traditional religious followings, were usually educated, and were usually from England.
New Lights were uneducated, American born, Christians who practiced the idea of being born again.

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Trade and Navigation Acts

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1663; Said that all goods coming to America from Europe had to pass through England first.

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Actual Representation

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The idea that representatives represent a particular district or area instead of the entire country.

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First Great Awakening

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A religious movement in the 1730s that gave birth to Baptism and Methodism.

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Salutatory Neglect

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An undocumented, though long-standing, British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain.

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Currency Act (1764)

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Extended the Currency Act of 1751(prohibited colonies from making money) to all the colonies of North America.

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Quartering Act (1765)

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Said that colonists had to house and feed British soldiers during peacetime at their own expense.

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Stamp Act (1765)

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Required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Had to be paid in British currency instead of colonial.

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Declaratory Act (1766)

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Repealed the Stamp Act but said Parliament had the power to make binding laws in the colonies.

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Boston Massacre

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1770; A British force accidentially opened fire on a group of American protesters killing 3. Made people in the colonies really mad.

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Coercive Acts (1774)

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1774; aka the Intolerable Acts. They closed the port of Boston, put Massachusetts under British control, made Americans on trial go to England, expanded the Quartering Act, and expanded the boarders of Quebec.

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Sugar Act (1764)

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Reduced the taxing of sugar by half but increased forms of enforcement.

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Sons of Liberty

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A group of American patriots who were supposed to protect the rights of colonists. They are most famous for their actions during the Boston Tea Party.

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Townshend Duties (1767)

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A set of acts that included the Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and the New York Restraining Act. They were meant to raise revenue for the British Empire.

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Boston Tea Party

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1773; An act of defiance against taxes on tea in which colonial rebels dumped tons of tea into the Boston Harbor.

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Patrick Ferguson

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1744-1780; A British officer under Cornwallis who recruited loyalists and attacked patriots.

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Concord and Lexington

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1775; The first battles of the American Revolution.

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Nathan Hale

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1755-1776; A member of the Sons of Liberty who was caught and sentenced by the British for being a spy. His famous last words were "I regret that I have but one life to give for my country."

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Battle of Saratoga

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1777; The first major victory for the Americans which convinced the French to become their allies.

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Bunker/Breed's Hill

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1775; A battle around Boston where the British technically won but suffered heavy casualties.

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Hessians

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German soldiers hired by the British to fight in the revolution. They were disliked on both sides and were paid with money and looting.

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Yorktown

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1781; Cornwallis and Washington fight, the British loose and lost the war.

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Cato (The Younger)

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A Roman senator who committed suicide because he did not think that Caesar should be emperor. It was Washington's favorite play.

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Meeting and Newburgh

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1783; Officers were mad about not getting paid for serving in the Revolution. Washington goes up, puts his glasses on, and says he has lost his eyesight fighting for freedom. The officers start crying and stop worrying so much about their pay.

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Valley Forge

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After loosing the Battle of Pennsylvania, Washington decided to camp in Valley Forge rather than occupy a town. The villagers ended up giving them provisions because they refused to take any.

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Cincinatus

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The role model of Washington; He was a retired Roman general who gave away the chance to be emperor so he could go back to his farm.

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Constitution Convention

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1787; A group of federalists who met in Philadelphia and drew up with constitution. They decided on a bicameral legislature. In the Senate all states are equal, and in the house it is based off population.

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The First Amendment

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Prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances.

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The Fourth Amendment

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Guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

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Shay's Rebellion

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1786; A small scale rebellion about high taxes that prompted Federalists to call for a stronger government.

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The Bill of Rights

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The first 10 amendments to the constitution proposed by the anti federalists which enable humans to live the way humans were supposed to live.

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The second amendment

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Protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms.

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The Eighth Amendment

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Part of the United States Bill of Rights which prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments

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Articles of Confederation

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The rules of the colonies before the constitution. They favored a weak government, had no power to tax, couldn't set tariffs against trade, and made international relations difficult.

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Alexander Hamilton

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1755-1804; Was a founding father and the first Secretary of the Treasury.

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Marbury vs Madison (1803)

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A supreme court case formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. Was based of Mr. Marbury not getting signed in as a judge because his papers were not properly filed.

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Thomas Jefferson

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1743-1826; He was the main author of the Declaration of Independence as well as the 3rd president of the United States.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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A tax protest during the 1790s by corn farmers selling whiskey.

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Federalists

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Wrote the constitution and favored a stronger central government.

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Louisiana Purchase.

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1803; The acquisition by the United States of America of 828,000 square miles (2,140,000 km2) of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. The United States bought it for very cheap.