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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Articlesof Confederation
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Article 1: Legislative Branch |
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DanielShays
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The uprising in Massachusetts began in the summer of 1786. The rebels tried to capture the federal arsenal at Springfield and harassed leading merchants, lawyers, and supporters of the state government. The state militia, commanded by Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, crushed the rebels in several engagements in the winter of 1787. Shays and the other principal figures of the rebellion fled first toRhode Island and then to Vermont.Although it never seriously threatened the stability of the United States, Shays’ Rebellion greatly alarmed politicians throughout the nation. Proponents of constitutional reform at the national level cited the rebellion as justification for revision or replacement of the Articles of Confederation, and Shays’ Rebellion figured prominently in the debates over the framing and ratification of the Constitution.
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JamesMadison
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Composed the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights and earned the nickname "Father of the Constitution."
Federalist No. 10 (Federalist Number 10) is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers, a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. Madison argued that a strong, united republic would be better able to guard against those dangers than would smaller republics—for instance, the individual states. |
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Alexander Hamilton
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Hamilton was among those dissatisfied with the weak national government. He led the Annapolis Convention, which successfully influenced Congress to issue a call for thePhiladelphia Convention, in order to create a new constitution. He was an active participant at Philadelphia; and he helped achieve ratification by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers. To this day, it is the single most important reference for Constitutional interpretation.[1]
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Federalists
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Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution. Their political opponents, the Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson, denounced most of the Federalist policies, especially the bank and implied powers, and vehemently attacked the Jay Treaty as a sell-out of republican values to the British monarchy. The Jay Treaty passed, and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s. They held a strong base in the nation's cities and in New England. After the Democratic-Republicans, whose base was in the rural South, won the hard-fought election of 1800, the Federalists never returned to power. They recovered some strength by their intense opposition to the War of 1812, but they practically vanished during the Era of Good Feelings that followed the end of the war in 1815.[5]The Federalists left a lasting legacy in the form of a strong federal government with a sound financial base, and after losing executive power they (through the person of Chief Justice John Marshall) decisively shaped Supreme Court policy for another three decades.[6]
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ThomasJefferson
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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America's early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens' lives, was elected president in 1800. During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slaveowner. After leaving office, he retired to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia.
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JohnAdams
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In 1774, he served on the First Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence. Adams became the first vice president of the United States and the second president.
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Alien and Sedition Acts |
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills that were passed by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798, the result of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. Authored by the Federalists, the laws were purported to strengthen national security, but critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party.
The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Because immigrants favored the Democratic-Republicans, their party grew while the growth of the Federalists' was slow.[3] The Alien Friends Act allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" at any time, while the Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to do the same to any male citizen of a hostile nation, above the age of 14, during times of war. (At the time, the majority of immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists.) Lastly, the controversial Sedition Act restricted speech which was critical of the federal government. Under the Sedition Act, the Federalists allowed people, who were accused of violating the sedition laws, to use truth as a defense.[4] The Sedition Act resulted in the prosecutions and convictions of many Jeffersonian newspaper owners who disagreed with the government.[5] |
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JudithSargent Murray
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Judith Sargent Murray was a staunch believer in improved educational opportunity for women. Her essays were important to the post-Revolution “Republican Motherhood” movement, which aimed to produce intelligent and virtuous citizens required for the success of the new nation. Led by Abigail Adams and others, these people made the argument that the education of patriotic sons – who would be voters -- rested largely in the hands of mothers, something of great importance to the success of the world’s first experiment in governance without a monarch or other permanent authority. At the same time, many people also held the belief that women were incapable of logic and that mental exercise harmed their physical ability to bear children. Murray suggested that the female brain was not inherently inferior, explaining that women are not naturally less intelligent but that their intelligence was stifled by the way they in which they were reared.
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yeomanfarmer
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who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American: honest, virtuous, hardworking, and independent. These same values madeyeomen farmers central to the republican vision of the new nation.
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Anti-Federalists
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Anti-Federalists criticized the new American Constitution because they felt that in the way it was written, it gave too much power to the federal government and, therefore; would make the new country too much like the oppressive and taxing British government they broke away from.
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PatrickHenry
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believed that the Constitution created a central government that was too powerful. Henry, the leader of this faction, opposed allowing the new central government to directly tax citizens of the various states, and he feared that the newly created office of President of the United States would become far too powerful. He pointedly made references to a potential future Oliver Cromwell.
Patrick Henry's hostility to the government under the Constitution was so strong that he subsequently refused to join it, turning down offers to serve as United States Secretary of State and as a justice of the United States Supreme Court. His control of the Virginia legislature enabled his partisans to elect the only two Anti-Federalist U.S. Senators in the First Congress. |
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MercyOtis Warren
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she issued a pamphlet, Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions written under the pseudonym "A Columbian Patriot," that opposed ratification of the document and advocated the inclusion of a Bill of Rights.
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Democratic-RepublicanParty
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The Democratic-Republican Party was the American political party in the 1790s of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed in opposition to the centralizing policies of the new Federalist party.The organization formed first as an "Anti-Administration" secret meeting in the national capital (Philadelphia) to oppose Hamilton's financial programs, which Jefferson denounced as leading to aristocracy and subversive of Republicanism in the United States. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, a nationwide party organized by Hamilton. Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain, which was then at war with France. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy. The party denounced many of Hamilton's measures (especially the national bank) as unconstitutional.
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JohnMarshall
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Soon after becoming Chief Justice, Marshall changed the manner in which the Supreme Court announced its decisions. Previously, each Justice would author a separate opinion (known as aseriatim opinion) as was done in the Virginia Supreme Court of his day and is still done in the 20th and 21st centuries in the United Kingdom and Australia. Under Marshall, however, the Supreme Court adopted the practice of handing down a single opinion of the Court, allowing it to present a clear rule.[36] As Marshall was almost always the author of this opinion, he essentially became the Court's sole spokesman in important cases.Marshall's forceful personality allowed him to steer his fellow Justices; only once did he find himself on the losing side in a constitutional case.[21] In that case—Ogden v. Saunders in 1827—Marshall set forth his general principles of constitutional interpretation:[37]To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail; that this intention must be collected from its words; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance, nor extended to objects not comprehended in them, nor contemplated by its framers—is to repeat what has been already said more at large, and is all that can be necessary.
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Virginiaand Kentucky Resolutions
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These resolutions were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored byThomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. The resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution.
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GeorgeWashington on Entangling Alliances and European influence
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he dangers of permanent alliances between the United States and foreign nations; so-called 'foreign entanglements'.[14] This issue dominated national politics during the French Revolutionary Wars between France and Britain. Federalists favored Britain and the Jeffersonian Republicans favored France. They wanted the U.S. to honor the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, which established the France-American alliance, and aid France. Washington had avoided American involvement in the conflict by issuing the Proclamation of Neutrality, which in turn led to the Neutrality Act of 1794. He clearly tries to further explain his approach to foreign policy and alliances in this portion of the address.
Washington continues his warning on alliances by claiming that they often lead to poor relations with nations who feel that they are not being treated as well as America's allies, and threaten to influence the American government into making decisions based upon the will of their allies instead of the will of the American people. |
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ForeignPolicy: Federalist and Democratic Republican
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The Federalists believed that American foreign policy should favor British interests, while the Democratic-Republicans wanted to strengthen ties with the French. The Democratic-Republicans supported the government that had taken over France after the revolution of 1789.
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MonroeDoctrine
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The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
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NativeAmerican Treaties
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DemocraticParty
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The Democratic Party evolved from the Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic-Republican Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The party favored republicanism, a weak federal government, states' rights, agrarian interests (especially Southern planters) and strict adherence to the Constitution; it opposed a national bank, close ties to Great Britain, and business and banking interests. That party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800.
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UniversalManhood Suffrage
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In the United States, the rise of Jacksonian democracy in the 1820s led to a close approximation of universal manhood suffrage among whites being adopted in most states (notably excepting Rhode Island until the aftermath of the Dorr Rebellion), and poorer, frontier citizens felt better represented.[neutrality is disputed] Most African-American males still remained excluded; though theFifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, upholds their voting rights, they were still denied the right to vote in many places for another century.
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WhigParty
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States of America. Many of the early Presidents of the United States were members of the Whig Party.[1] Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s.[2] It formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829–37) and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. It appealed to entrepreneurs and planters, but had few subsistence farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal policies. The "Whig" name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence. "Whig" meant opposing tyranny.[3] Historian Frank Towers has specified a deep ideological divide:
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AndrewJackson
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Jackson's name has been associated with Jacksonian democracy or the spread of democracy in terms of the passing of political power from established elites to ordinary voters based in political parties. "The Age of Jackson" shaped the national agenda and American politics. [40] Jackson's philosophy as President was based on some similar ideas to that of Thomas Jefferson, advocating Republican values held by the Revolutionary War generation. [41]Jackson's presidency held a high moralistic tone; he supported an agrarian society (although the slave society was a strongly elitist capitalist one), and had a limited view of states rights and the federal government. [41] Jackson feared that monied and business interests would corrupt republican values. When South Carolina opposed the tariff law, he took a strong line in favor of nationalism and against secession.Jackson believed that the president's authority was derived from the people and the presidential office was above party politics. [41] Instead of choosing party favorites, Jackson chose "plain, businessmen" whom he intended to control.[41] Jackson chose Martin Van Buren as Secretary of State, John Eaton Secretary of War, Samuel Ingham Secretary of Treasury, John Branch Secretary of Navy, John Berrien as Attorney General, and William T. Barryas postmaster general. [42] Jackson's first choice of Cabinet proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip, especially between Eaton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Van Buren. [42] By the Spring of 1831, only Barry remained, while the rest of Jackson's cabinet had been discharged.[43] Jackson's following cabinet selections worked better together.[42]
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JohnC. Calhoun
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Calhoun proposed the theory of a concurrent majority through the doctrine of nullification—"the right of a State to interpose, in the last resort, in order to arrest an unconstitutional act of the General Government, within its limits."[31] Nullification can be traced back to arguments by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in writing the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798. They had proposed that states could nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.Jackson, who supported states' rights but believed that nullification threatened the Union, opposed it. Calhoun differed from Jefferson and Madison in explicitly arguing for a state's right to secede from the Union, as a last resort, in order to protect the liberty and sovereignty. James Madison rebuked supporters of nullification, stating that no state had the right to nullify federal law.[32]
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South CarolinaRevolt and Secession (1832)
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The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis in 1832–33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. The crisis ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.
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USBank Veto
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In this veto message, President Jackson passionately rejects a bill that rechartered the Bank of the United States. He argues that the Bank gives privilege and unfair advantage to a wealthy few at the expense of the public, and he opposes foreign ownership of Bank stock. The President claims the same right to interpret the Constitution as Congress and the Supreme Court when he questions the constitutionality of the Bank.
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IndianRemoval Act
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The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.
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Jackson’sSecond Inaugural Address
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TheRidge
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The Cherokee leader Major Ridge is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears. Before this tragic period in Cherokee history, however, he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Cherokee nation.
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Trail of Tears
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In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.
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How didslavery evolve in the 19th century and why? |
By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion, along with a growing abolition movement in the North, would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War (1861-65). From 1815 to 1860 cotton comprised morethan half of all southern exports. Cotton, the principal source of southern economicvitality, was also crucial for the national economy. |
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Justificationsfor slavery |
The sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy. The cotton economy would collapse. The tobacco crop would dry in the fields. Rice would cease being profitable. |
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Slavepunishment and abuse |
The branding of slaves for identification was common during the colonial era; however, by the nineteenth century it was used primarily as punishment. Mutilation (such as castration, or amputating ears) was a relatively common punishment during the colonial era and still used in 1830. Any punishment was permitted for runaway slaves, and many bore wounds from shotgun blasts or dog bites used by their captors. |
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SolomonNorthrup |
A farmer and violinist, Northup owned land in Hebron, New York. In 1841, he was offered a traveling musician's job and went to Washington, D.C. (where slavery was legal); there he was kidnapped, and sold as a slave. |
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Slavery andmanhood, womanhood |
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NorthCarolina literacy law |
Although African Americans won the right to vote with the fifteenth amendment in 1870, their gains were quickly eroded, especially after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Indeed, exclusionary policies got worse in the late nineteenth century and Southern states developed policies to stop African Americans from voting. In 1899, for example, the North Carolina legislature passed an amendment requiring a literacy test for voting. In order to not disfranchise illiterate white men, a so-called "grandfather" clause stated that anyone whose father or grandfather could vote prior to 1867 (when there were no black voters) would be exempt from the literacy test. Moreover, those African Americans who tried to vote confronted racist polling officials who would ask questions about the state constitution that even legal experts could not answer. |
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Gabriel’sRebellion |
On August 30, 1800, Gabriel Prosser, an enslaved African American blacksmith who lived near Richmond, Virginia, planned to mass with well over one hundred of his supporters at a bridge outside Richmond, march on the city, fire and seize it, and proclaim an end to slavery in Virginia.By the next year a handful of slaves who were inspired by Gabriel hoped to rekindle the rebellion. The locus of this plot shifted to the south of Richmond and was centered among the numerous black boatmen who ferried the agricultural products of south-eastern Virginia down its numerous rivers to Norfolk. Plotting soon spread to north- eastern North Carolina as the boatmen moved word of it down rivers flowing to the Albemarle Sound. But they were no more to realize an end to slavery than was Gabriel. As more and more people along the rivers were alerted to the plot, it became more difficult to coordinate and the chances of discovery by white authorities multiplied. By late 1801, Virginia officials began moving against the conspirators while the cover of the North Carolina action was ruined by Easter, 1802. By the summer, after numerous hangings, an anxious peace was restored. |
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NatTurner |
Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an African-American slave who led a slave rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. They prohibited education of slaves and free blacks, restricted rights of assembly for free blacks, withdrew their right to bear arms (in some states), voting, and required white ministers to be present at all black worship services. |
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DenmarkVesey |
In 1820 he was alleged to be the ringleader of a planned slave revolt. Vesey and his followers were said to be planning to kill slaveholders in Charleston, liberate the slaves, and sail to the black republic of Haiti for refuge. By some accounts, it would have involved thousands of slaves in the city and others on plantations miles away. City officials had a militia arrest the plot's leaders and many suspected followers in June before the rising could begin. Not one white person was killed or injured. |
