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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
July Crisis
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a diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to the First World War, where Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
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Shlieffen Plan
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A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts
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Western Front (stalemate)
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the deadlock on the Western Front during the First World War
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Trench Warfare
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A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches
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Total War
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A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded
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War at Sea
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the naval war in the Atlantic during World War II
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Verdun
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a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped
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The Somme
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took place during the First World War between 1 July and 18 November 1916 in the Somme department of France
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German Spring Offensive
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Spring Offensive that happened in 1918 was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War. The Spring Offensive was huge, but unfortunately unsuccessful.
The main goal to be achieved by this offensive was to divide French armies and British Empire, and defeat them before the arrival of American support. |
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Hindenburg & Ludendorf
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H: German field marshal and statesman; president of the Weimar Republic
L: German general; chief of staff to General von Hindenburg during World War I |
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Armistice
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a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
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What Is To Be Done?
Lenin and Marxism |
a political pamphlet, by Vladimir Lenin published in 1902
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February Revolution
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the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
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Bolsheviks
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a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party
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Mensheviks
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A member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks and defeated by them after the overthrow of the tsar in 1917
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Rasputin
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Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy
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Provisional Govt
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A government that is formed temporarily until a permanent one is created
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Alexander Kerensky
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Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks
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Petrograd Soviet
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representative body of the city's workers.
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Army Order #1
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was the first official decree of The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The order was issued following the February Revolution in response to actions taken the day before by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
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Kornilov Affair
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attempted coup d'état by the then Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, in August 1917 against the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky
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October Revolution
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the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I.
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Leon Trotsky
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helped to organize the October Revolution with Lenin and built up the Red Army. Expelled from the party by Stalin in 1927, he was exiled in 1929
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Red Army
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The army of the former Soviet Union, formed after the revolution of 1917
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Civil War
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a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party
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White Russians (the people, not the mixed drink!)
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Russians who were opposed the Bolshevik movement after the October 1917 revolution
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War Communism
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the country's economy was almost totally directed toward equipping and maintaining the Red Army
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Cheka
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the name given to Lenin's secret police. It later became the KGB
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New Economic Policy
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an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing. It meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused
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Comintern
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An international association of Communist parties, established in 1919 by Lenin
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Thomas Masaryk
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an Austro-Hungarian and Czechoslovak politician, sociologist and philosopher, who as an eager advocate of Czechoslovak independence during World War I became the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia
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National self-determination
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nations have the right to freely decide on their sovereignty and international political status without external compulsion or outside interference
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John Maynard Keynes
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British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments
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Weimar Constitution
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constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic
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Weimar Coalition
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coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the Catholic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919
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Occupation of the Ruhr
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by troops from France and Belgium, was a response to the failure of the German Weimar Republic under Chancellor Cuno to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I.
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SA
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Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943
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Beer Hall Putsch
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The name given to the attempt by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party to start an armed revolution against the German government in Munich, Germany, on November 8–9, 1923, which led to Hitler’s arrest and imprisonment
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Stresemann
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German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.
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Locarno Pact
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Agreement signed in 1925 by Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia, guaranteeing international boundaries and re-affirming the Treaty of Versailles
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Paul von Hindenburg
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German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933
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Lateran Accords
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three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, ratified June 7, 1929, ending the "Roman Question".
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“Red Years”
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a two year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy. The Biennio Rosso was followed by the extremely violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.
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Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
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a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.
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Catholic Popular Party (PPI)
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The PPI was the second largest Italian political party after the PSI at the time
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Fasci di combattimento
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an Italian "fascio" organization, created by Benito Mussolini in 1919. After World War I had ended, he reconstituted the Milan fascio, renaming it Fasci italiani di combattimento.
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National Fascist Party (PNF)
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an Italian party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism
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Squads (or Squadrism)
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government by armed squadrons of supporters or party members
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March on Rome
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a march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy.The march took place from October 27 to October 29, 1922
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