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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diocletian
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284-305
sets up tetrarchy brings stability persecutes christians |
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sub names of tetrarchy
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Augustas
caesar |
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Constantine
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306-337
fight brother-in law for position of augustas in battle of Milivian Bridge new capital- constantinople built churches |
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Battle of Milivian Bridge
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battle between constantinople and his brother in law
312 |
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Edict of Milan
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313
o Now on all religions will be tolerated o Christians who lost property and jobs will be compensated o The Christian god is the favored god of constantine |
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Chi Rho
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Christian symbol
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Maxentius
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Constantinoples brother in law that wanted position of augustas
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Council of Nicaea
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• 100’s of bishops come to bring order to the Christian religion
• Constantine sets it up to bring unity to church • On death bed he comes a Christian o Gets baptized • New ideas and understanding came into christianity |
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Holy Sepulchre
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• Over place of crucifixion
• In jerusalem constantine |
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Huns
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• Origins in Mongolian 3rd century tormenting Chinese empire
• An asian people • Nomadic • Horseman • 3rd century begin to migrate into the Germanic world, this brings disorder and trouble |
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Visigoths
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• Faced Huns, some ran and some fight back
• The ones that go west are called visigoths • Eastern ones stay and get conquered and inslaved • Visigoths take all their stuff, and come to border of rome, they ask permission (we want to help you secure the border), valence says yes, great amount of people, not what he expected, they are hungry (happens 376) first Germanic tribe to cross over roman empire • Refugee camps are set up, valence is afraid, they feed them but don’t want to give them land, after a couple of harsh living visigoths have had enough, so they rebel • Massive battle Adrian oplo • Romans loose big time, valens flees but get killes • Roman troops retreat into city, they feaer that the visgoths were goin to come in, surprisingly the visigoths send in apology, but apology is ignored so they march looking for land and food, north Africa is where most the food was • Leader has Idea that Africa is where they need to go • Around 400 roman call soldiers from frontier, borders are venerable, Huns attack more, more Germans run into Rome, most go west, has a great affect on the west • Visigoths stumble upon city of Rome, sack and pillage city of Rome 410 (very important) takes three days, one type of building they don’t pillage the churches, why? Missionaries brought Christianity to Germany earlier, tradition Romans saw this as a sign that Christianity is the reason for the destruction of Rome • Capture sister of emperor, forced into marriage, made romans made • Visigoths get stuck • Romans make a deal, give us back galla and we will give you land • They take it, 419 visigoths get land, it has been many generations since beginning, no longer know how to farm, events turned them into nomadic warriors • Huns keep pushing |
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Battle of Adrianople
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battle between Visigoths and romans
378 romans lose |
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410
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• Visigoths stumble upon city of Rome, sack and pillage city of Rome 410 (very important) takes three days, one type of building they don’t pillage the churches, why? Missionaries brought Christianity to Germany earlier, tradition Romans saw this as a sign that Christianity is the reason for the destruction of Rome
• Capture sister of emperor, forced into marriage, made romans made • Visigoths get stuck • Romans make a deal, give us back galla and we will give you land • They take it, 419 visigoths get land, it has been many generations since beginning, no longer know how to farm, events turned them into nomadic warriors • Huns keep pushing |
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Attila the Hun
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• 434-453
Young • Huns didn’t write anything themselves • Keeps pushing in until they get into the Roman empire • Romans know they need help to face Huns, ask Visigoths for help • One side of battle Romans and Visigoths against the Huns and enslaved army of east Goths • Results of battle Romans and Visigoths win • Attila dies later, Hun empire then disintegrates, threat disappears • Roman world is transformed in the west, emergence of mixed kingdoms |
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Romulus Augustas
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•475-476
Last roman emperor of west (only eastern empire hold to roman) • Puppet emperor |
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justinian
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527-565
• Justinian rule is when it looked like they might do something to unite “Rome” again • Promoted law schools • Made codex-book full of laws • Wanted to win west back o Sent lots of troops, 3 invasions at once, n Africa (successful), Spain (not as successful), Rome (very difficult time, conquers pieces) o captures Revena built church up at altar massive mosaic depiction of Justinian bringing an offering with Bishop and other side is senate and soldiers o other side is Theodora in similar way • he marries an exotic dancer, he had to change the laws in order to do it-Theodora o issues everything in his name and hers • launches wars, builds buildings • rebuilt constantines church • he absoulutely bankrupts all money • all gained territory falls • leaves eastern empire in a weak state that the enemy of rome takes advantage-the persians • persians launch in 600 destructive raves, pillaging, then turn into territorial conquest • byzantine empire cannot fight back • Damascus 613 falls to persians • City of Jerusalem is almost destroyed |
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Nike revolt
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• Hippodrome races- drawn by four horses
• Each city was divided on which side you were on, had colors • Riots occurred, one day big race, Justinian tried to execute people, blues and green join together, rioted for 9 days • Largest domed stucture that existed • Was later turned into a mask, and then as museum • Used as a model for futher masks Nika revolt (victory) • Great revolt blues and greens joined together • Rioted 9 days • Theodora say lets stay and take a stand • King says lets do a re-run of the race no one will be executed • It works people come back, but race doesn’t begin, soldiers come in and slaughter 30, 000 people • He then uses own funds to re-build church Hagia Sophia • Built in style no one had seen before |
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Persians
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• persians launch in 600 destructive raves, pillaging, then turn into territorial conquest
• byzantine empire cannot fight back • Damascus 613 falls to persians • City of Jerusalem is almost destroyed |
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Heraclius
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610-641
• Emperor fights against persians • Sucssful • Put him and son on coins, frontal, persians do the same thing • He wedges into Persian capital, recaptures the true “cross”, then retreats • In the end borders go back to usual • This destructive war leaves them in an even worse spot • Persians also weak |
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Muhammad
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• 570 in city of Mecca
• born to family that controlled Mecca • location of pre-islamic shrine • people brought statues of varies tribal gods • merchant • married to older women with four daughters • 610 Muhammad experiences visions, visited by angel Gabriel who speaks name of God to him • Allah- was the same God as Jews and Christians, now God is speaking to tribe of the Arabs, and speaking through Muhammad • A new religion tied into an ancient one • Islam-Submission to Allah • Work produced is called Qur’ans, the holy book of the Muslims, divided into 114 books, written in highly poetic Arabic • Stories laws and poetry • Islam is strict mono theism so Jesus to them was a prophet • Following ten commandment especially no Idols • His first convert is his wife and close friends • He is saying all Muslims are equal in the eyes of Allah, strange in culture • You see a move in the Qur’an where he focusing on the inner family not the tribal organization • In Mecca he faces a lot of rejection • Forced to leave Mecca, with followers, went to medina 620 where a lot of Jews were, he is amazed at how reluctant Jews were to new religion • Because he taught that people were equal people looked to him as a judge • On one hand he is a prophet and also a important political leader, unifies people • Islamic calendar 622 is year 1 • He is very successful, in unifying political he is able to fight off raids, his success helps him spread the word • Eventually he is strong enough to march in on Mecca year 8, cleansing of the idols, the shrine in Mecca becomes a Islamic shrine |
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Qu'ran
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• Work produced is called Qur’ans, the holy book of the Muslims, divided into 114 books, written in highly poetic Arabic
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Medina
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where Muhammad eacapes to after being chased out of Mecca, suprised at how reluctant the jews were
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5 pillars
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• Zakat
o Charity tax • Ramadan o Month long fast o Daylight hours fasting • Hajj o Pilgrimage o At least one travel to Mecca • Salat o Prayer o 5 times a day, specific times • Shahadah o Recitation o One line phrase |
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Caliphs
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• Muhammad unifies entire peninsula, politically
• Now that they were unified they could attack and defend themselves against Romans • Muhammad dies, political chaos, his first converts are first successors (Caliphs), they try to spread the word and protect the world of Islam • Jihad- initially struggle to be a good Muslim, how can one be a good Muslim if they are not under Muslim rule • Caliphs come from his tribe • Islam spreads 630 Palestine is taken, Jerusalem peacefully surrenders, you get this claiming of Muslims in that area, the dome of the rock • Golden dome over outcropping of rock • 3rd caliphs is from a different family, this creates a wedge in Islam, civil war, assassination of that Caliphs, division within Islam • Shi’ites- supporters of Ali • Sunni-other side • Ends with assassination of ali • Umayyads are the family that takes over the area 661 • They decide to move the capital, a city that had been a greek city Damascus, very connected to mediteranean • They branch out to n Africa and then Spain, this is important, the Spanish language is connected to latin, 25% is takin from the Arabic, worlds like cotton, swimming pool, almonds, expression “O I hope so” • They also push east in 710 they conquer pakistine and further into India, persians get conquered, mass conversion to Islam, but they keep their own language • Islam becomes the marker for civilization • Destruction of polytheism • Mosque in Damascus, by omayyads • Abbasids take over move capital, new capital in 762 called Baghdad o Its created as a circular city o Very close from the persians o The whole shift of the caliphs is from the mediteranean world to the old Persian wars o Shift in being more eastern centered o Spain is about as far west as the conquest is o They are in control til1258 o After they fall the religious unity continues |
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• Abbasids take over move capital, new capital in 762 called Baghdad
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o Its created as a circular city
o Very close from the persians o The whole shift of the caliphs is from the mediteranean world to the old Persian wars o Shift in being more eastern centered o Spain is about as far west as the conquest is o They are in control til1258 o After they fall the religious unity continues |
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Bedouin
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nomadic people that lived in the arabian peninsula
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Ka'ba
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sacred place for muslims
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Clovis
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485-511, was the one to unite tribes and bring them over
• Did this by being a successful leader • Required oaths Germans would marry to make peace Clovis marries Clotilda (who is a Christian) • Before major battle he is losing so he calls the Christian god, if you help me I will convert • He wins, Clovis converts right after the battle, and orders all his men to be baptized |
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merovingians
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i. Clovis is the 1rst as a dynasty of kings called the Mero
ii. Known as the long hair kings iii. Would have been humiliatig to cut the hair iv. Germans are agricultural people v. Last one 751 vi. Decendants of Clovis |
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wergild
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o Man money or price
o Cost of someone’s life |
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• Charles Martel-hammer
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o Took over after Merovingian
o Comes to power because he has his own war band that are loyal to him o Gave horses o Also involved in the administration |
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• Battle of Poitiers
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• Charles
• Troops coming over pyrenes and conquer land • Unable to face the threat, so Charles and his army meet Muslim forces 732-3, important victory for Charles • Muslims retreat • That frontier doesn’t get crossed again • Charles does not become a king but his son pippin does become king • The Pope made him king • New family |
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Charlemagne
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768-814
o Pippin son named after father o Charles the great o Carolingians had short hair and mustache o Depicted on a horse with a orb o Imeddiatly spends time on military compaign, conquest, mainly saxons o Failed invasion was spain o He builds a capital city Aachen o Standard weights and measures o Begins to push reform of church o Help establish monastaries, a lot of the work the did was to make faithful copies of all the old text o He creates an intellectual center o Had a biographer einhart |
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• Donation of Constantine
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o Forgery
o Pope said in his will I give all my relm and power to Pope Leo III |
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st.Patrick
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390-461
missionary of Ireland |
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Treaty of verdun
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The Treaty of Verdun (Verdun-sur-Meuse, 843) was a treaty of the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the territories of the Carolingian Empire to three kingdoms.
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Augustine of Canterbury
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t from pope in rome
• coversion, straight to anglo saxon kings |
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Vikings
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• people starting building boats
• could float in shallow water • they launch these boats and raids anywhere they could • monastaries are the first to feel the heat • vikings didn’t write, so portrayl is very negative • the first town we ahd in Ireland was Dublin a Viking settlement • Norman-north mans, French called the Vikings that • Intermarriage with the population, the get Christianized, the Scandinavian language ends up dying |
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Alfred the Great
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• Successful at fighting Danish presence
• Makes peace with them • First king to unite all anglo saxon tribes, in order to fight danes • 871-899 • the beginning of one king ruling over all of England • useful when fighting eniemies • strong centralized kingship • starts intellectual revival • orders translations made into anglo saxon |
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Cnut of Denmark
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1017-1035
• takes over and becomes king • marries old kings wife |
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Edward the confessor
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• father had been murdered
• was the son • came to England and becomes king • gets married to powerful woman Edith • her father was Harold Godwinson, very wealthy • dies without a heir • 1066-1087-crisis Edward dies |
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Harold Godwinson
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• Brother in law of edward
• Rich • Claimed on death bed Edward gave him throne • No blood |
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Harald Hadrada
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• Heir of Cnut
• Had the blood • Not anglo saxon |
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William, duke of normandy
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• Related to Edward
• Because he was cousin • Not anglo saxon • William saves Harald from trouble • They become buds, harald swears oaths on relics • Harold becomes king because he is anglo saxon |
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Battle of hastings
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• Harold becomes king because he is anglo saxon
o To normans this was horrible o King Harold- Haleys comet, considered it a bad omen, so he is met with two invasions o Battle of *** Harold kills harald 1086 o William launches conquest, brought horses on boats o Major battle of hastings o King Harold is killed o William wins becomes king o Takes land from anglo saxon leaders and give it to Normans o Brings Norman custom to England o Brings Norman French o Crazy mixture of Norman French mixed with anglo saxon |
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Those who fight
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a. Feudalism-term used to describe how they used lands, they would have talked about relationships between warrior elites, early kingship is dependent on relationship, started to be very formal with oaths and promises,free warriors elite, each relationship between someone who has one power= lord /vassas relationship
b. Lord c. Vassal-a lords soldier, importance of horses d. Knights- soldiers, would need supplies to live and to have materials to fight, had to go through a ritual to become apart of the lord, giving of homage (means your service as a fighting man), very public, clasped hands bound together by a kiss, fealty (faith) undying loyalty, they would promise on their faith, promise over relics, the lord recognizes this by giving them gifts (fief), land, almost like a wedding, til death do they part… or until they mess up i. Kings of England also become dukes of france, through marriage, this creates a lot of tension because people of England were ruling over kingd of fracne ii. When people died, knight ans such the fiefs they had go back to the lords, over time fiefs start being inherited, goes to the oldest, starts 11th century, land doesn’t get divided up, when there is only a daughter left they marry they daughter and he does the homage but the fief remains with her |
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a. Feudalism
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-term used to describe how they used lands, they would have talked about relationships between warrior elites, early kingship is dependent on relationship, started to be very formal with oaths and promises,free warriors elite, each relationship between someone who has one power= lord /vassas relationship
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Manor
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where peasants and serfs lived
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Scratch plow
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light, good for Mediterranean, one person, easily built
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Heavy plow
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- in Europe they needed something much stronger, scratch plows would not work, invented around 1000, metal plow share, more expensive, harder for small family, specialized, the manor is the perfect place because it was owned by the Lord, one ox is not enough so they need 4-6 oxen, peasants cant do that so they have to share, hard to operate, takes a strong man, crops start to improve
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Monks
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o Monastic church
o Movement of people leaving normal society to lead a life of prayer ect. o Open to both man and women, popular with women o 1000 new movements, the cluny movement |
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Cluny, cluniacs
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o Starts in france
o Under no ones power, donated to saint peter or pope o Turn into islands of independence o Start to spread o The new land spread is encouraged by monks o They also have peasants and serfs working land o Centers of education o Places where technology was happening |
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• Citeaux=cistercians
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o Starts in France
• People who pray had a very strong concept of separation, islands of independence • In 1000 century there is an idea of independence, power in papacy became strong, historians find it mysterious, pope claims power that usually is given to emperors, has pretty much supreme power, promoted celibacy, who gets to pick next pope • Huge struggles occurs between emperor and pope, emperor wants to appoint bishop, war breaks out, papacy loses, Gregory has to escape, emperor chose a new pope, for a while two men will claim to be pope |
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1rst Crusade
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1096-1099
• Lower leval nobles • Went to Constantinople • The first to show up are the poor, when alexius sees them he doesn’t let them in he points them into direction and they go ahead • When crusaders show up alexius wants them to pledge allegiance to him, they do it, they attack nearby city, lay siege to nycea, alexius was secretly negotiating peace with people, crusaders were upset because they thought they were freeing the land, they wanted to go to Jerusalem, alexius said no, they then realized that there goals were very different, they leave him and begin campaign • Difficult terrain, travel for two years, ptched battles against Islamic forces, their presence in holy land send shock waves throughout the muslim world, 1099 they get there, massacre, jews, christians and muslims attacked • Result is the establishment as the crusader kingdoms, latin speaking kingdoms, they crown a king, cleanse dome of the rock into temple of Solomon, Islamic world was seen as the end of the world, tons of refuges, Islamic world becomes united against common enemy, new writing about ghad, now an outward struggle, they fight back 2nd crusade beging |
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2nd crusade
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1147-1149
• This time king goes • Conquest of jerusalem |
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3rd crusade
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• 1189-1192
Taken back by muslims • Crusade of the tree kings • Richard the lionhearted-fench o Has some success not a lot o Treaty o On way home get captured by Leopold of Austia o Vassals get taxed to pay for richard • Phillip II Agustuce-english o Goes back home • Frederick Barbarossa o Falls off of horse and drowns in creek • Leopold of Austria • Disasterd there is struggle between who should lead • Crusades create phenomenon of religious warefare |
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Crusades
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• Seems to appear out of nowhere
• Starts because of a serman given by pope urban the second in 1085 • Gives in france • Called on armed men of france to take fight to holy land, to take control from muslims • Is preached as a pilgramage • Intended audience for young men, message spreads and even peasants decide that this is what they need to do, mass movement unorganized, calleing people to leave their fields, in germany idea of battle against infadale is twisted into attack on local jewish community’s, suddenly they attack jews, massacre, pope and local bishops try and stop but by then the movement is out of the hands • Spiraling downward of the relationship between jews and christians Theory’s Four • New tribe was threatening Constantinople, letter sent to urban, sent by emperor Alexius I, a call to protect Constantinople • Growing idea of violence, attempt previous to crusade to attempt to control violence in society’s, set up special holy days, respect civilians, peace of God movement • Second son theory- more people surviving, family’s have second sons that need to prove themselves, maybe Gregory was trying to channel violence outward |
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100 yrs war
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• 100 years war 1337-1453
• England wins most battles but france wins the war • Warfare begins to change • This is where Christopher Columbus comes in the story!!!! |
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plague
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• bluebonic plague
• pneumonic plague • rattus rattus • China 1333 • Black sea 1346 • Europe 1347-1350 • People would hide, which spread it, some partied, became a flagellant, accusing one another jews/heretics/witches • Quick and horrible death out by 1439 • ½ pop dead • labor shortage occurred so serfs were beginning to get paid, end of serfs, plague hit everyone and shook up society, new people into nobility and questioning of authority • good churchies died bad stayed alive, people that’s to figure out that they want their own spirituality |
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famine
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• 1310-1320
• years of rain 1309-1314 • 10% pop killed • long tern impact generation F o generation that survives famine but is nutritionally deprived • strikes poor very young and very old |
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colleges
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o 1rst In paris
o residential New technologies in contruction of churches, beauvais cathedral, tallest found out you can only get up to 160 feet Every town wanted a cathedral, which lead to university’s Only man were allowed to go to university’s When they started there was only one course of study University’s change character spread like wildfire, specialized schools, meds, theo, No campus, proff would rent a room, towns would be built around the university’s, they had to find their own place to live, after a while there was the idea that they needed a place to stay (colleges) |
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what you learned
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• Trivium
o Grammer o Rhetoric o Logic • Quadrivium o Arithmetic o Geometry o Astronomy o Music |
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universitys
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o Bologna,- guild of students
o paris,- guild of teachers o oxford, Cambridge |
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communes
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o Announced freedom they rule over themselves, create their own rules, nobles have to show that the person is theirs, idea of slowly becoming free, town air makes you free, if you could prove you lived there for a year and day you were free
o Buisnesses began to regulate, scale of sizes and cost, start guilds |
