Historiography For Ib Sl History

Front 1

Sydney Bradshaw Fay

Back 1

Larger forces in Europe (Nationalism, Imperialism) led to WW1

Front 2

A. J. P. Taylor

Back 2

German ambitions and the Alliance System led to WW1

Front 3

Fritz Fischer

Back 3

German Ambitions and MIlitarism led to WW1

Front 4

Samuel Williamson

Back 4

German and Austro-Hungarian Ambitions

Front 5

Ruth Henig

Back 5

Failure of Diplomacy and Resignation of Nations to War

Front 6

Schmit

Back 6

"The alliances which had originally served as the cause of peace when put to the final test operated to convert a local quarrel into a general war" - On the causes of WW1

Front 7

Martel

Back 7

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the final straw in the struggle for mastery in the Balkans. The Balkans caused WW1

Front 8

Wehler

Back 8

Germany's Domestic problems caused the push towards war in Germany

Front 9

Winston Churchill

Back 9

General surge towards violence in society, eg suffragette movement caused WW1

Front 10

A J P Taylor

Back 10

There was a deep, underlying divergence between England and France as to the nature of the League of Nations

Front 11

J Grenville

Back 11

If the League of Nations had been enforced, it probably would have prevented war.

Front 12

Ruth Henig

Back 12

The League was always going to fail due to the notable absences

Front 13

James Joll and A. J. P. Taylor

Back 13

The failure of the Treaty of Versailles caused WW2

Front 14

Ruth Henig

Back 14

“a credible achievement that eventually failed because of the reluctance of the victors to enforce it” - on the Treaty of Versailles

Front 15

Lord Dacre

Back 15

WW2 was caused by Hitler

Front 16

Wheeler-Bennett

Back 16

Blamed Appeasement for start of WW2 – “Chamberlain failed to appreciate that war is sometimes preferable to peace at any price”

Front 17

A. J. P. Taylor

Back 17

Appeasement was the correct policy, Chamberlain's only mistake was to abandon it

Front 18

Figes

Back 18

“it would have taken a genius to sort Russia out”

Front 19

Norman Stone

Back 19

Optimistic view of Tsarist Russia

Front 20

Philips

Back 20

1905 constitution was a huge step for backward Russia

Front 21

Robert Service

Back 21

Coup, not popular revolution “They [the Bolsheviks] grabbed governmental authority through conspiracy. They were disciplined and centralized and they served their dictatorial leader Lenin with blind devotion. Thus the Russian 'masses' were highjacked into acceptance of the coup of October by a itny intellectual elite of meglomaniacs.”

Front 22

Orlando FIges

Back 22

The Russian generals were pampered, and did not know what they were doing.

Front 23

Robert K. Massie

Back 23

Revolution was caused by the World War

Front 24

Carr and Acton

Back 24

Lenin was key to the revolution

Front 25

Smith, Gill and Koenker

Back 25

Limits to Lenin's importance to the revolution

Front 26

Adam Ulam

Back 26

“The Bolsheviks did not seize power, they picked it up”

Front 27

McKean and Katkov

Back 27

Tsarism was entering the 20th century

Front 28

Smith and Fitzpatrick

Back 28

The people created the circumstances for Lenin’s rise to power

Front 29

Robert Service and Chris Read

Back 29

The Bolsheviks seized power, but this was facilitated by much independent action

Front 30

Litvinov

Back 30

“Stalin was like God for us”

Front 31

Nove

Back 31

“Demonstrates the huge strain of the 5 year plans, how far Russia was behind and how far it was from Modernisation”

Front 32

Ward

Back 32

“Needless to say the new targets were beyond practical possibility” - about 5 year plans

Front 33

Ryutin

Back 33

“the evil genius of the Russian Revolution who, activated by vindictiveness and lust for power, has brought the revolution to the edge of the abyss."

Front 34

Peukert, Geary, Kershaw and Salmon

Back 34

Weimar failed due to the depression

Front 35

Craig, Ardagh and Raff

Back 35

Weimar failed because the electorate wanted an authoritarian government

Front 36

Jackel and Kolb

Back 36

Weimar failed due to its structure

Front 37

Hiden

Back 37

Set of circumstances caused the downfall of the Weimar Republic

Front 38

Kershaw

Back 38

Hitler’s personality cult made people idolise and adore him

Front 39

Kershaw

Back 39

"Hitler's huge platform of popularity made his own power position ever more unassailable”

Front 40

Alan Bullock

Back 40

Hitler was an opportunist

Front 41

Hugh Trevor-Roper

Back 41

Hitler was convinced he was right, and therefore had a master plan

Front 42

A J P Taylor

Back 42

“If there had been a strong democratic sentiment in Germany, Hitler would never have come to power”

Front 43

William Shirer

Back 43

"an ugly assault on the human spirit" - on the Third Reich

Front 44

Joachim Fest

Back 44

if Hitler had died in 1938, ‘few would hesitate to name him as one of the greatest statesmen of Germany’.

Front 45

Kershaw

Back 45

'Another time, another place, and neither Hitler nor his ideas would have got anywhere.'

Front 46

Holtfrerich

Back 46

Nazism succeeded because of the Economic crash

Front 47

Mommsen and Broszat

Back 47

Hitler was a weak dictator

Front 48

Hugh Trevor-Roper and Alan Bullock

Back 48

Hitler was a strong dictator

Front 49

Lisa Pine

Back 49

“breeding and rearing institution within the Nazi State” - Hitler and the family

Front 50

T. Mason

Back 50

Economic crisis and popular unrest drove Hitler to war earlier than he wanted

Front 51

Hugh Trevor-Roper

Back 51

Hitler was convinced he was right, and therefore had a master plan

Front 52

A J P Taylor

Back 52

“If there had been a strong democratic sentiment in Germany, Hitler would never have come to power”

Front 53

William Shirer

Back 53

"an ugly assault on the human spirit" - on the Third Reich

Front 54

Joachim Fest

Back 54

if Hitler had died in 1938, ‘few would hesitate to name him as one of the greatest statesmen of Germany’.

Front 55

Kershaw

Back 55

'Another time, another place, and neither Hitler nor his ideas would have got anywhere.'

Front 56

Holtfrerich

Back 56

Nazism succeeded because of the Economic crash

Front 57

Mommsen and Broszat

Back 57

Hitler was a weak dictator

Front 58

Hugh Trevor-Roper and Alan Bullock

Back 58

Hitler was a strong dictator

Front 59

Lisa Pine

Back 59

“breeding and rearing institution within the Nazi State” - Hitler and the family

Front 60

T. Mason

Back 60

Economic crisis and popular unrest drove Hitler to war earlier than he wanted

Front 61

R. Overy

Back 61

Nazi economy failed as Hitler and Goering failed to classify priorities

Front 62

Houdsen

Back 62

Church in Nazi Germany was more concerned with protecting themselves than the morals

Front 63

Noakes

Back 63

Church was the only institution with an alternative ideology in Nazi Germany

Front 64

Morgan and Clark

Back 64

War divided Italy

Front 65

Mack Smith

Back 65

War was “one of the greatest disasters in Italy’s History”

Front 66

A Cassels

Back 66

The Bolshevik threat in Italy was entirely illusory. Mussolini exploited this to gain power in 1922

Front 67

Finbar Madden

Back 67

Coalition with church very important for Mussolini

Front 68

A. J. Gregor

Back 68

Women were not a big concern in fascist Italy, only from the point of view of the declining birthrate

Front 69

Tannenbaum

Back 69

Fascist regime in Italy hindered economy

Front 70

Cassels

Back 70

Corporativism was a “travesty”

Front 71

Clark

Back 71

Anti-Fascism in Italy was weak and harmless

Front 72

Paul Preston

Back 72

International Brigades did play an important role in the Spanish Civil War

Front 73

Jill Edwards

Back 73

"by turning a blind eye, the british aided Franco as decisively as if it had sent arms to him"

Front 74

Louis FIscher

Back 74

Stalins demads for the gold reserves of Spain harmed the republican fighting power

Front 75

Harry Browne

Back 75

For an industrially underdeveloped country such as spain, foreign arms were necessary, otherwise a negotiated sttlement would have been necessary

Front 76

Harry Browne

Back 76

Spanish Civil War was distinctly spanish

Front 77

Carlos Rama

Back 77

The Spanish Civil war was as a result of the failure to create a state to which its citizens were loyal

Front 78

Eddie May

Back 78

the actions of the right in blocking social reforms polarised spanish politics

Front 79

Michael Lynch

Back 79

The GMD's power was always more apparent than real

Front 80

Yan Yen

Back 80

"as a result of the cultural revolution, the cultural trademark of my generation is that we have no culture"

Front 81

John King Fairbank

Back 81

Mao's reappearance in 1966 was important, as it surprised and impressed people

Front 82

Michael Lynch

Back 82

"what was ironic was that it was comitted in the name of a philosophy that claimed to have found the scientific means to end all human exploitation and suffering"