Historical Geology Test 1

Front 1

What do Historical Geologists study?

Back 1

History of earths continents

4.5 billion year history

how life on earth changed

Front 2

What does it mean to be scientific

Back 2

Must be testable by expirement

Front 3

What does it mean to prove something scientifically

Back 3

proponderance of evidence

fossils: footprints

Front 4

Support levels (3)

Back 4

1. hypothesis

2. theory

3. law

Front 5

hypothesis

Back 5

educated guess

Front 6

theory (3)

Back 6

well spported

lots of evidence

unlikely to be proven wrong

Front 7

law

Back 7

highest level

Front 8

why Continets move (6)

Back 8

1. pangaea

2. distribution of rocks and fossils

3. Glacial rock where glaciers arent possible

4. Polar wandering (magnetism)

5. magnetic inclination

6. GPS

Front 9

pangaea

Back 9

continents fit together

Front 10

distribution of rocks and fosils

Back 10

explains species and rocks appearing in very different locations

Front 11

Polar wandering (magnetism)

Back 11

The spinning of electrons in iron creates magnetic field

movement of earths magnetic poles through time in relation to the continents

Front 12

Magnetic inclination

Back 12

Dependent on how far north or south a place is

Front 13

continental drift vs plate tectonics

Back 13

theory that the earths continentd move in relation to one another, our view is that continents move by moving plates

Front 14

GPS

Back 14

uses satellites to determine movement

Front 15

litosphere

Back 15

the plates made of

crust plus a little of mantle

Front 16

asthenosphere

Back 16

gooey taffylike layer beneath litosphere

directly affects plate movement

Front 17

convection (astenosphere)

Back 17

cycle that explains plate movement hot material spreads out less dense rises

1. Hot material rises

2. cools

3. contracts

4.sinks becomes less dense begins again

Front 18

divergent pb's and convection

Back 18

convection cells rise up plates are ripped apart

Front 19

Rifting

Back 19

plates ripped appart make smaller plates due to convection

Front 20

upwelling

Back 20

place between plates thats filled in with astenosphere

Front 21

how do we know 2 plates diverged in past (3)

What type of fault

Back 21

1. rocks and fossils in diff continents

2 .basalt in middle of continent

3. faults normal faults

Front 22

convergent plate boundaries and destroying oceans

Back 22

oceanic plate gets subducted and is destroyed (melts)

Front 23

Angle of subduction

steep vs shallow

Back 23

steep volcanoes more centralized

shalloe more spread ot

Front 24

oceanic crust only goes up to 150 million years old why?

Back 24

it gets old cools and gets more dense and dies of subducts

Front 25

Wilson cycle

Back 25

plates break apart

oceans create

ocean plates die out collide with continents

repeats when plates breaks apart

Front 26

magmatic arc

Back 26

plate subducts destroyed and melts (stuff rises creates a volcano

1. Death- cause death of species

2. Preserve fossils

3. Helps to date- fossils age

4. separates population when mts arise

5. change climate

Front 27

Acretionary wedge

Back 27

save some materials of subduction piled on into continent (marine rocks)

Front 28

Suture zones results of convergent PB's

Back 28

Areas at mountain tops water rose with the mountains contain fossils

Front 29

Recognizing ancient convergent pb's (3)

Back 29

1. Reverse faults

2. Thrust faults

3. low angle reverse fault

Front 30

Transform Pb's important info (3)

Back 30

1. offset rock

2. nothing created or destroyed

3. no subduction

Front 31

Paleoclimate

rules of today same as past

Back 31

old average weather

rules of today as we understand similiar to the past understanding them helps us interpret the past

Front 32

How do temps vary on earth?

Back 32

1. Distance from sun

2. Directness of light

3. location of continets

Front 33

distance of sun

Back 33

not too important when it comes to temps

Front 34

directnes of sunlight

Back 34

very importnat, direct sunlight is hotter (equator)

indirect sunlight colder (near poles)

Front 35

What causes seasons

Back 35

tilt of earth on its axis

only have season if earth is tilted

Front 36

Heat capacity

Back 36

lose or gain heat without change in temps

Front 37

Gyres

Back 37

in in past diff # of gyres now 5 gyres 2

found in oceans

Front 38

Northern Hemisphere Gyres

Back 38

2 and they spin counterclockwise

Front 39

Southern Hemisphere gyres

Back 39

3 and spin counter clockwise

Front 40

deserts where?

Back 40

30 degrees N and S

Front 41

Most rain falls where

least?

Back 41

equator

deserts 30 degrees no water in air

Front 42

Changing the climates how

Back 42

1. location of the continents

2. Green house gases

3. albedo

4. Milankovitch cycles

5. other sun issues

Front 43

Location of continents

Back 43

1. Equator most rainy

2. 30 degrees deserts

3. near poles cold

Front 44

Green House gases

Back 44

release of gases cause global warming

plants can remove co2 reduce warming

Front 45

Albedo

Back 45

reflectivity high albedo is good at reflecting

volcanic ash: low

ice: high

deserts and light colors: high

Front 46

Milankovitch cycles

Back 46

earths changes in relation to the sun

1. Eccentricity- orbit pattern around the sun

2. Axial tilt

3. precession

Front 47

Eccentricity

Back 47

low ecentricity circular

high eccentricity- oval more extreme temps

Front 48

Axial tilt (obliquity)

Back 48

more tilt= more extreme

Front 49

WHat tilt is optimal for glaciers to form

summers and winters temps? counter intuitive

Back 49

1. Less tilt

Cold summers

Warm winters

Front 50

Precession

Back 50

Earths Wobble as is spins

Front 51

Sun issues that affect climate (2)

Back 51

1. Suns output

2. Space debris

Front 52

Suns output

Back 52

at different times in time sun has emitted more or less sunlight

Front 53

Debris blocking

Back 53

debris in space can block sun rays from reaching us

Front 54

Learning about Past climates

Back 54

1. Ice cores

2. Rocks

3. Organims

4. Oxygen isotopes

Front 55

Ice cores oldest?

Back 55

Trap gases form when glaciers formed

800k years old

Front 56

Rocks

Back 56

Sedimentary rocks

Front 57

Organisms

Back 57

Planktons

Front 58

Planktons (shell types) (2)

Back 58

1. Calcite

2. Sillica

Front 59

Calcite

water temp?

Back 59

Not acidic

warm

Front 60

Sillica

water temp?

Back 60

Acidic

cold

Front 61

Oxygen Isotopes

Back 61

Oxygen atoms with diff # of neutrons

Front 62

O-18 vs O-16 levels

ice age?

Evaporates first

Back 62

O-18 indicates ice age

O-16 warm weather

O-16 evaporates first indicating ice age

Front 63

Population

Back 63

all members of one species living somewhere

Front 64

Comunity

Back 64

All populations in one area including plants

Front 65

Ecosystems

Back 65

Comunity + non living things

Front 66

Biotic

Back 66

living stuff

Front 67

Abiotic

Back 67

non living stuff

Front 68

Limiting factors

Back 68

One thing that prevents species ability to survive

Front 69

Oxygen in the oceans

Back 69

highest near surface and deeper down

Front 70

Deep ocean currents affect oxygen

Back 70

1. more oxygen deeper down due to the currents

Front 71

Oxygens come

what evolved first

Back 71

1. dissolved gases

2. Plants evolved first

Front 72

Deep ocean currents are affected by?

Back 72

1. When water is warmer less oxygen

2. Salidity- saltier water sinks

Front 73

Salidity

Back 73

saltier water sinks

Front 74

Warm water deep currents and life

Back 74

1. deep ocean loses oxygen if warm organisms die

Front 75

Where in the ocean is water most acidic?

Back 75

near top

Front 76

How does carbon dioxide intereact with the ocean?

Back 76

Forms carbonic acid

Front 77

calcarous vs siliceous organisms in acidic water

Back 77

calcareous are not adapted to acid siliceous are

Front 78

Osmosis

Back 78

movement of water molecules across a membrane from high water concentration to low

Front 79

Salinity

Back 79

how much salt is in water

Front 80

Food Chain

Back 80

starts with producers plants to consumers

Front 81

Food Web

Back 81

Network of interconnected food chains

Front 82

autotrophs

Back 82

producers use CO2 produce their own food plants

Front 83

heterotrophs

Back 83

depend on autotrophs also called consumers

Front 84

Food chains size and number of organisms

Back 84

typically bigger animals eat little animals

Front 85

Where is life on land concentrated

Back 85

Near plants because consumers live off plants

life on earth would not be possible without plants

Front 86

Life on ocean concentrated

Back 86

near shorelines because thats were soil is best and were plants grow best

Front 87

Evolution

Back 87

Single celled organisms passed traits to multi cellular organisms

works at level of populations: traits that led to survival of the species sexual reproduction

Front 88

Evidence of Evolution (8)

Back 88

1. Biogeography

2. Fossil Records

3. Embryology

4. Homology

5. Vestigal Structure

6. Molecular biology

7. Biodiversity

8. Comperative anatomy

Front 89

Biogeography

Back 89

distribution of species

Front 90

Fossil Records

Back 90

fossilized remains of organisms provide historical record

Front 91

Embryology

Back 91

similarities and differences in the early development of organisms

Front 92

Homology

Back 92

similarities on internal sequences of organims

Front 93

vestigal structure

Back 93

structure that has lost its origfinal function do to evolution

Front 94

Molecular Biology

Back 94

similiarities and differences in DNA

Front 95

Bio Diversity

Back 95

variety of life in a particular place

Front 96

comperative anatomy

Back 96

various organims share common ancestors