Histology Unit 2

Front 1

Tissues:

Back 1

collections of cells/cell products performing specific, unified functions (histology)

Front 2

Epithelial:

Back 2

cover exposed surfaces; line internal passageways; form glands

Front 3

Connective:

Back 3

protect/support body, organs; bind organs together; store energy; immunity

Front 4

Muscular:

Back 4

generates physical force

Front 5

Nervous:

Back 5

detect changes inside & outside body; initiate & transmit nerve impulses

Front 6

Epithelium can be 2 types:

Back 6

1. Covering & lining: skin; organ coverings; line cavities, CV/resp/GI/urinary/repro systems; ducts
2. Glandular: secreting portion

Front 7

Epithelial Tissue: Functions
1.
2.
3.

Back 7

Protection
Secretion/absorption
Permeability

Front 8

General Epithelial Features:PACAR

Back 8

1) Polarity: apical, basal surfaces
2) Attachment: to basement membrane
3) Cellularity: tightly packed, cell junctions
4) Avascularity
5) Regeneration: cell division

Front 9

Covering & Lining Epithelium is Classified by arrangement of ___.

Back 9

cell layers

Front 10

Covering & Lining Epithelium
Simple must be:
Pseudo-stratified helps:
Stratified Must be:

Back 10

1. MUST BE PERMEABLE diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption
2.HELPS STUFF MOVE often ciliated, mucus
3. MUST BE TOUGH
protects underlying tissue from wear & tear

Front 11

Covering & Lining Epithelium
Also classified by cell shape
1.
2.
3.

Back 11

Front 12

Covering & Lining Epithelium
Squamous must be:

Back 12

MUST BE PERMEABLE
thin, allows substances to pass through them

Front 13

Covering & Lining Epithelium
Cuboidal cells act as the ___: ___,___

Back 13

EXCHANGE CENTER secretion, absorption

Front 14

Covering & Lining Epithelium
columnar cells as the 2nd ___: also ___. ___

Back 14

EXCHANGE CENTER 2 secretion, absorption

Front 15

Epithelial Cells Connections: Cell Adhesion Molecules
Tight Junctions:
1. Prevent passage of ___, solutes.
2. Isolates substance in lumen

Back 15

Prevent passage of H2O, solutes
Isolates substance in lumen

Front 16

Epithelial Cells Connections: Cell Adhesion Molecules

Gap Junctions
1. Allows ___to pass
2. Coordinate ___contractions

Back 16

Gap Junctions
Allows ions to pass
Coordinate heart contractions

Front 17

Epithelial Cells Connections: Cell Adhesion Molecules

Desmosomes
1. ___cells together
2. Allow ___&___

Back 17

Desmosomes
Ties cells together
Allow bending & twisting

Front 18

Epithelial Cells Connections: Cell Adhesion Molecules
Hemidesmosomes
1. Attach to ___membrane

Back 18

Hemidesmosomes
Attach to basement membrane

Front 19

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 19

Front 20

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 20

Front 21

Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location:
Function:

Back 21

Front 22

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 22

Front 23

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 23

Front 24

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 24

Front 25

Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Locations:
Functions:

Back 25

Front 26

Transitional Epithelium
Locations:
Functions

Back 26

Front 27

Glandular Epithelium
2 types of glands:
1. ___: substances enter extracellular fluid and into bloodstream without flowing thru ducts
-Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
2. ___: substances enter ducts that empty at surface of covering or lining epithelium
-Sweat, salivary, mammary

Back 27

1. Endocrine: substances enter extracellular fluid and into bloodstream without flowing thru ducts
-Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
2. Exocrine: substances enter ducts that empty at surface of covering or lining epithelium
-Sweat, salivary, mammary

Front 28

Exocrine Glandular Features
Structure
1. Unicellular:
2. Multicellular:

Back 28

Structure
1. Unicellular: individual secretory cells
2. Multicellular: organs w/ glandular epithelium

Front 29

Exocrine Glandular Features
Secretions
1. Serous: watery, contains ___.
-Parotid salivary glands
2. ___: mucins + water = mucus
--Sublingual salivary glands
3. ___: 1+ types of gland cells, 2 secretions
--Submandibular salivary glands

Back 29

Secretions
Serous: watery, contains enzymes
Parotid salivary glands
Mucous: mucins + water = mucus
Sublingual salivary glands
Mixed: 1+ types of gland cells, 2 secretions
Submandibular salivary glands

Front 30

Exocrine Modes of Secretion:
1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine

Back 30

1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine

Front 31

Exocrine Modes of Secretion
Merocrine:

Back 31

Release via exocytosis
Most common

Front 32

Exocrine Modes of Secretion:
Apocrine:

Back 32

Loss of both product and cytoplasm

Front 33

Exocrine Modes of Secretion
Holocrine:

Back 33

Cell fills with product, bursts to release
Gland cells replaced by stem cells

Front 34

Structural Classes of Exocrine Glands
SIMPLE GLANDS vs COMPOUND GLANDS

Back 34

Front 35

Connective Tissue Functions
Structural framework
Transport ___, dissolved ___
Protect delicate ___
Supporting/surrounding/interconnecting
Energy ___
Defend from ___

Back 35

Structural framework
Transport fluids, dissolved materials
Protect delicate organs
Supporting/surrounding/interconnecting
Energy reserves
Defend from microorganisms

Front 36

Connective Tissue
Most ___tissue type!
Found btwn other ___, hence the name

Back 36

Most common tissue type!
Found btwn other tissues, hence the name

Front 37

Connective Tissue
Consists of small cells far apart in lots of ___material (___)

Back 37

Consists of small cells far apart in lots of extracellular material (matrix)

Front 38

Connective Tissue
Matrix = ___fibers + ___substance
--Secreted by cells, determines tissue ___.
--Matrices from cells as diverse as cells themselves

Back 38

Matrix = protein fibers + ground substance
Secreted by cells, determines tissue qualities
Matrices from cells as diverse as cells themselves

Front 39

Connective Tissue
Good ___supply (well vascularized)
Exception: cartilage is avascular

Back 39

Good blood supply (well vascularized)
Exception: cartilage is avascular

Front 40

Connective Tissue Elements:
1.
2.
3.

Back 40

Cells, Matrix protein fibers, Matrix ground substance

Front 41

Connective Tissue Elements:
Cells
Provide:

Back 41

structure, immune function, energy storage

Front 42

Connective Tissue Elements:
Matrix protein fibers
1. Produced by ___ ___ cells
2. C___, e___, r___
3. Give structure, flexibility, elasticity, strength

Back 42

Matrix protein fibers
1. Produced by connective tissue cells
2. Collagen, elastic, reticular
3. Give structure, flexibility, elasticity, strength

Front 43

Connective Tissue Elements:
Matrix ground substance
1. Secreted by ___ ___ cells
2. Can be ___, ___, ___(H2O + organic molecules)
3. Affects how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, change shape, function, etc.

Back 43

Matrix ground substance
1. Secreted by connective tissue cells
2. Can be liquid, gel, solid (H2O + organic molecules)
3. Affects how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, change shape, function, etc.

Front 44

Connective Tissue Classes:
1.
2.
3.

Back 44

Front 45

Connective Tissue Elements:Protein Fiber Types
1.
2.
3.

Back 45

1. Collagen fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers

Front 46

Connective Tissue Elements:Protein Fiber Types
Collagen fibers (e.g., tendons, ligaments)
1. Most ___connective fiber
2. Long, straight, ___, ___
3. Resists force in ___ direction

Back 46

Collagen fibers (e.g., tendons, ligaments)
1. Most common connective fiber
2. Long, straight, STRONG, FLEXIBLE
3. Resists force in 1 direction

Front 47

Connective Tissue Elements:Protein Fiber Types Reticular fibers (e.g., sheaths around organs)
1. Network of interwoven fibers (___)
2. Strong, flexible, resists force in ___directions
3. Stabilizes ___cells (___), structures

Back 47

Reticular fibers (e.g., sheaths around organs)
1. Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
2. Strong, flexible, resists force in many directions
3. Stabilizes functional cells (parenchyma), structures

Front 48

Connective Tissue Elements:Protein Fiber Types Elastic fibers (e.g., aorta)
1. ___& ___to original position; wavy

Back 48

Elastic fibers (e.g., aorta)
1. Stretch & return to original position; wavy

Front 49

Mesenchymal:

Back 49

stem cells for all connective tissues
CTP

Front 50

Fibroblasts:

Back 50

most abundant, secrete hyaluronan & proteins to make GS viscous
CTP

Front 51

Melanocytes:

Back 51

melanin-releasing cells in skin CTP

Front 52

Adipocytes:

Back 52

fat cells CTP

Front 53

Macro/microphages:

Back 53

scavenge pathogens, damaged cells, respond to injury/infection CTP

Front 54

Mast:

Back 54

release histamine, heparin--> inflammation CTP

Front 55

Lymphocytes:

Back 55

defend body, respond to damage CTP

Front 56

Connective Tissue Proper:Loose (“packing peanuts”)
1.
2.
3.

Back 56

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular

Front 57

Connective Tissue Proper:

Areolar
1. Many cell ___, all ___, open ___
2. Near ___, part of ___tissue

Back 57

Areolar
1. Many cell types, all fibers, open framework
2. Near epithelia, part of subcutaneous tissue

Front 58

Connective Tissue Proper:
Adipose
1. Adipocytes, which hold ___ droplets
2. Found w/ ___tissue; energy, protects ___

Back 58

Adipose
1. Adipocytes, which hold TG droplets
2. Found w/ areolar tissue; energy, protects organs

Front 59

Connective Tissue Proper:
Reticular
1. ___fibers & cells
2. Forms ___ for lymph organs (spleen, lymph nodes, marrow), liver, kidneys; filtration

Back 59

1. Reticular fibers & cells
2. Forms mesh scaffold for lymph organs (spleen, lymph nodes, marrow), liver, kidneys; filtration

Front 60

Connective Tissue Proper:___ ___

Back 60

Connective Tissue Proper:Loose Adipose

Front 61

Connective Tissue Proper:___ ___

Back 61

Connective Tissue Proper:Loose Reticular

Front 62

CTP Dense-Types:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 62

Regular
Irregular
Elastic
Dense regular

Front 63

CTP Dense-Types:
Regular
1. Contains ___ collagen pattern, fibroblasts
2. Ligaments, tendons

Back 63

Regular
Contains parallel collagen pattern, fibroblasts
Ligaments, tendons

Front 64

CTP Dense-Types:
Irregular
1. Contains ___collagen pattern, fibroblasts
3. ___, ___valves, membranes, ___

Back 64

1. Contains irregular collagen pattern, fibroblasts
3. Dermis, heart valves, membranes, joints

Front 65

CTP Dense-Types:
Elastic
1. Dense ___+ elastic fibers, fibroblasts
2. ___tissue, ___walls, vertebral ligaments

Back 65

Elastic
1. Dense regular + elastic fibers, fibroblasts
2. Lung tissue, artery walls, vertebral ligaments

Front 66

Connective Tissue Proper:Dense Regular
Locations:
Functions

Back 66

Front 67

Connective Tissue Proper:Dense Irregular-
Locations:
Functions:

Back 67

INTERWOVEN NETWORKS OF COLLAGEN FIBERS
Layered in skin, perichondrium, periosteum, some organ capsules

Front 68

Connective Tissue Proper:Dense Elastic
Locations:
Functions:

Back 68

Front 69

Connective Tissue Proper:Fasciae
Connective Tissue Framework
1.
2.
3.

Back 69

Front 70

Fluid Connective Tissues
Types
1
2

Back 70

Blood
Lymph

Front 71

Fluid Connective Tissues
1. Blood
--Cells: ___,___,___
--Fluid matrix: ___(proteins are dissolved)

Back 71

1. Blood
--Cells: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
--Fluid matrix: plasma (proteins are dissolved)

Front 72

Fluid Connective Tissues
Lymph
1. Cells: some ___
--Fluid matrix: ___(proteins are dissolved)
--Plasma -> ___fluid -> lymph

Back 72

Lymph
1. Cells: some WBCs
--Fluid matrix: lymph (proteins are dissolved)
--Plasma -> interstitial fluid -> lymph

Front 73

Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood and Lymph

Back 73

Front 74

Supporting Connective Tissues
1. Less ___cell population
2. Dense ___ ___
Closely packed ___

Back 74

Less diverse cell population
Dense ground substance
Closely packed fibers

Front 75

Supporting Connective Tissues
2 types:

Back 75

Cartilage
Bone

Front 76

Supporting Connective Tissues Cartilage-

Back 76

Gel-type ground substance
Shock absorption, protection

Front 77

Supporting Connective Tissues
Bone-

Back 77

Calcified ground substance (rigid w/ mineral salts)
Support, protection, mineral storage, R(W)BC formation

Front 78

SCT-Cartilage
1. Connective tissue structure
--Cells: ___
--Matrix protein fibers: ___(and/or ___)
--Matrix GS: proteoglycans from ___sulfate

Back 78

1. Connective tissue structure
--Cells: chondrocytes
--Matrix protein fibers: collagen (and/or elastic)
--Matrix GS: proteoglycans from chondroitin sulfate

Front 79

SCT-Cartilage
1. Avascular
--___secrete ___factors

Back 79

1. Avascular
--Chondrocytes secrete antiangiogenic factors

Front 80

SCT-Cartilage
1. ___
--Membrane layer of dense irregular tissue
--Outer fibrous layer: ___producing collagen
--Inner ___layer: becomes –blasts, -cytes

Back 80

1. Perichondrium
--Membrane layer of dense irregular tissue
--Outer fibrous layer: fibroblasts producing collagen
--Inner chondrogenic layer: becomes –blasts, -cytes

Front 81

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Perichondrium

Back 81

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Perichondrium

Front 82

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Types
1.
2.
3.

Back 82

1.Hyalin
2.Elastic
3.Fibrocartilage

Front 83

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Types
Hyaline:

Back 83

flexible, shock absorber, weakest
--Translucent matrix, fine (invisible) collagen fibers
--Ends of bones, nose, fetal skeleton

Front 84

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Types
Elastic:

Back 84

maintain shape
--Tightly packed elastin threads (hairy appearance)
--External ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis

Front 85

Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage—Types Fibrocartilage:

Back 85

rigid, strong
Very densely bundled collagen fibers
--Sparse cell distribution
--Knees, between vertebrae

Front 86

Supporting Connective Tissue:Hyaline Cartilage
Location:
Function:

Back 86

Front 87

Supporting Connective Tissue:Elastic Cartilage
Location:
Function:

Back 87

Front 88

Supporting Connective Tissue:Fibrocartilage
Location:
Function:

Back 88

Front 89

STC: Cartilage—Growth
Interstitial growth

Back 89

Chondrocytes in matrix divide, produce additional matrix

Front 90

SCT: Cartilage—Growth
Appositional growth

Back 90

Perichondrium divides, cartilage grows by adding to outer layer

Front 91

SCT:Bone (Osseus Tissue)
Cell types:
1. Osteocytes-
2. Osteoblasts-
3. Osteoclasts-

Back 91

1. Osteocytes maintain mineral content
2. Osteoblasts produce fibers/matrix
3. Osteoclasts dissolve fibers/matrix

Front 92

SCT:Bone (Osseus Tissue)

Mineralized matrix
Organic: ___
Inorganic ___

Back 92

Mineralized matrix
Organic: 35%
Inorganic 65%

Front 93

SCT: Bone (Osseus Tissue)
2 classifications:
1. Compact
2. Cancellous (or “spongy”; not shown)

Back 93

Front 94

Supporting Connective Tissue:Cartilage vs. Bone

Back 94

Front 95

Muscle Tissue
Three types:

Back 95

Three types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Front 96

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Location:
Function:

Back 96

Front 97

Cardiac Muscle Tissue:
Locations:
Functions:

Back 97

Front 98

Smooth Muscle Tissue
Location:
Function:

Back 98

Front 99

Nervous Tissue

Back 99

Front 100

Body Membranes:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 100

Body Membranes:
1. Mucus m.:
2. Serous m.:
3. Synovial m.:
4. Cutaneous m.:

Front 101

c
Mucus m.:

Back 101

Mucus m.: connective, epithelial
Line GI, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
Moisture reduces friction; promotes absorption

Front 102

Body Membranes:
Serous m.:

Back 102

connective, epithelial
Line closed cavities & surround organs
Reduce friction, parietal vs. visceral
Pleural, pericardium, peritoneum

Front 103

Body Membranes:
Synovial m.:

Back 103

connective
Line joint cavities, synovial fluid to reduce friction

Front 104

Body Membranes:
Cutaneous m.:

Back 104

connective, epithelial (SKIN!)

Front 105

The Integumentary System
___system of the body

Back 105

Largest system of the body

Front 106

The Integumentary System
"Cutaneous membrane”
___: outer
___: inner

Back 106

Cutaneous membrane”
Epidermis: outer
Dermis: inner

Front 107

The Integumentary System
Accessory structures
___, ___,___

Back 107

Accessory structures
Hair, nails, glands

Front 108

The Integumentary System
Subcutaneous layer (___)
___tissue, ___tissue

Back 108

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Adipose tissue, areolar tissue

Front 109

The Integumentary System
Functions
1.P
2.E
3.T
4.N
5.V
6.S

Back 109

Protective barrier
Excretion
Thermoregulation
Nutrient storage (adipose)
Vitamin D3 synthesis
--UV light
Sensory detection
--Touch, pressure, pain, temp

Front 110

The Integumentary System:Components

Back 110

Front 111

Skin Layers:Epidermis—protective Cell Make up
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 111

Cell Make up
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells
4. Merkel cells

Front 112

Skin Layers:Epidermis—
Keratinocytes:

Back 112

90% of epidermis
Make keratin (protective, waterproof)

Front 113

Skin Layers:Epidermis— Melanocytes:

Back 113

8% of epidermis
Make melanin, transfer to keratinocytes

Front 114

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Langerhans cells

Back 114

Immune response

Front 115

Skin Layers:Epidermis—
Merkel cells

Back 115

Detect touch, pressure

Front 116

Skin Layers:Epidermis—
1. Mechanical ___
2. Prevents ___
3. Defense against ___
4. ___(nutrients diffuse in from dermis)

Back 116

1. Mechanical protection
2. Prevents fluid loss
3. Defense against microorganisms
4. Avascular (nutrients diffuse in from dermis)

Front 117

Skin Layers:Epidermis—

Back 117

Front 118

Skin Layers:Epidermis—

Back 118

Front 119

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Basale
1. ___layer

Back 119

1. Deepest layer

Front 120

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Basale
Cells:
1. Basal (___) cells
2. Melanocytes
3. Merkel cells (___)
Cells divide, push up & interlock (___)

Back 120

Cells:
1. Basal (stem) cells
2. Melanocytes
3. Merkel cells (glabrous)
Cells divide, push up & interlock (stability)

Front 121

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Basale
Epidermal ridges (___. ___)

Back 121

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Basale

Front 122

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Basale

Back 122

Front 123

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Granulosum

Back 123

Front 124

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Lucidum
1. Not in most skin
2. Areas of constant ___
--___, ___
3. Translucent layer
4. Cells flattened, packed close together

Back 124

Stratum Lucidum
1. Not in most skin
2. Areas of constant Pressure
--Soles, palms
3. Translucent layer
4. Cells flattened, packed close together

Front 125

Skin Layers:Epidermis—Stratum Corneum
1. “___” surface
2. ___cells shed
3. Discourages ___
4. Water ___
--Lose or gain water slowly
300-400 mL/day vs3-4 L/day

Back 125

Stratum Corneum
1. “Exposed” surface
2. Dead cells shed
3. Discourages microbes
4. Water resistant
--Lose or gain water slowly
300-400 mL/day vs3-4 L/day

Front 126

Skin Layers:Epidermis and Water Movement
1. Hydration (water ___)
From immersion in ___soln (osmosis)
Causes stretching & ___of skin
2. Dehydration (water ___)
Damage to stratum ___(burns, blisters)
Immersion in ___soln (osmosis)
3. Insensible perspiration
Interstitial fluid ___thru stratum ___
4. Sensible perspiration
Water ___by sweat glands in ___

Back 126

1. Hydration (water gain)
From immersion in hypotonic soln (osmosis)
Causes stretching & wrinkling of skin
2. Dehydration (water loss)
Damage to stratum corneum (burns, blisters)
Immersion in hypertonic soln (osmosis)
3. Insensible perspiration
Interstitial fluid evaporated thru stratum corneum
4. Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands in dermis

Front 127

Skin Layers:Epidermis and Vitamin D
1. 7-___--> ___
Pre-vitamin D3 --> ___vitamin D3
--Conversion requires ___radiation

Back 127

1. 7-Dehydrocholesterol --> cholecalciferol
Pre-vitamin D3 --> inactive vitamin D3
--Conversion requires UV radiation

Front 128

Skin Layers:Epidermis and Vitamin D
1. ___, ___convert into calcitriol

Back 128

1. Liver, kidneys convert into calcitriol

Front 129

Skin Layers:Epidermis and Vitamin D
Insufficient vitamin D3
1. ___(children)
2. ___(adults)

Back 129

Insufficient vitamin D3
1. Rickets (children)
2. Osteomalacia (adults)

Front 130

Skin Layers:Epidermis and EGF
1. ___ ___ ___(EGF)
--Powerful ___growth factor
--Produced by ___& duodenal glands
--Used to grow skin ___

Back 130

1. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
--Powerful peptide growth factor
--Produced by salivary & duodenal glands
--Used to grow skin grafts

Front 131

Skin Layers:Epidermis and EGF
1. Functions:
--Promotes division of ___cells
--Accelerates ___production
--Stimulates ___repair
--Stimulates ___secretions

Back 131

Skin Layers:Epidermis and EGF
1. Functions:
--Promotes division of germinative cells
--Accelerates keratin production
--Stimulates epidermal repair
--Stimulates glandular secretions

Front 132

Skin Layers:Dermis—Circulation

Back 132

Skin Layers:Dermis

Front 133

Skin Layers:Dermis—Nerves
1. ___nerves
--Blood flow
--Gland secretions
2. ___nerves
--Meissner corpuscles
Light touch—”tactile corpuscles”
--___corpuscles
Deep pressure—”lamellated corpuscles”
--___nerve endings
Temperature, pain, itch, tickle

Back 133

Skin Layers:Dermis—Nerves
1. Autonomic nerves
--Blood flow
--Gland secretions
2. Sensory nerves
--Meissner corpuscles
Light touch—”tactile corpuscles”
--Pacinian corpuscles
Deep pressure—”lamellated corpuscles”
--Free nerve endings
Temperature, pain, itch, tickle

Front 134

Skin Layers:

Back 134

Skin Layers:

Front 135

Skin Layers: Hypodermis“___”
1. Continuation of loose CT below ___
2. Adipose, areolar
___ skin against underlying organs

Back 135

Hypodermis“Subcutaneous”
1. Continuation of loose CT below dermis
2. Adipose, areolar
Stabilized skin against underlying organs

Front 136

Skin Accessory Structures: Hair
1. ___
2. Everywhere except ___ skin
--Palms, soles, lips
3. Dead, ___epidermal cells
--Shaft, root, bulb
Arrector pili, oil glands

Back 136

1. Protective
2. Everywhere except glabrous skin
--Palms, soles, lips
3. Dead, keratinized epidermal cells
--Shaft, root, bulb
Arrector pili, oil glands

Front 137

Skin Accessory Structures: Hair
1. Vellus (peach fuzz)
2. Terminal hairs (heavy)
3. Club hair
--Cessation of growth
--Hair growth cycle
4. Color, texture
a. Genetic
b. Environmental
c. Hormonal

Back 137

1. Vellus (peach fuzz)
2. Terminal hairs (heavy)
3. Club hair
--Cessation of growth
--Hair growth cycle
4. Color, texture
a. Genetic
b. Environmental
c. Hormonal

Front 138

Skin Accessory Structures:
1. Hair Internal & external root sheaths
2. Cuticle, cortex, medulla of hair
3. Base of follicle: ___
--___ active source of cells

Back 138

1. Hair Internal & external root sheaths
2. Cuticle, cortex, medulla of hair
3. Base of follicle: bulb
--Mitotically active source of cells

Front 139

Skin Accessory Structures: Glands Sebaceous

Back 139

Skin Accessory Structures: Glands Apocrine and Merocrine

Front 140

Skin Accessory Structures: Nails
1. Plates of hard-packed dead ___cells
2. Nail body:___
3. Free edge: ___
4. Root: ___

Back 140

1. Plates of hard-packed dead keratinized cells
2. Nail body: visible portion
3. Free edge: what you trim
4. Root: form new nail cells deep to this

Front 141

Injury & Repair
Regenerates easily: 1) ___, 2) ___, 3) ___

Back 141

Regenerates easily: 1) Scab, 2) Granulation, 3) Scar

Front 142

Injury & Repair

Back 142

Injury & Repair

Front 143

Skin Functions: Thermoregulation
1. ___
--Evaporative cooling in the heat
--Works better in ___ climates
2. Vasodilation
--As body temp ___, skin blood vessels ___, allow more blood to give off heat
3. Vasoconstriction
--As body temp ___, skin blood vessels ___, allow less blood to give off heat

Back 143

1. Sweat
--Evaporative cooling in the heat
--Works better in dry climates
2. Vasodilation
--As body temp rises, skin blood vessels dilate, allow more blood to give off heat
3. Vasoconstriction
--As body temp falls, skin blood vessels constrict, allow less blood to give off heat