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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
stems cells undergo
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differentiation and duplication
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if stems cells can differentiate into multiple types of mature blood cells, then the it is described as
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pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
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differentiate only into a single end-cell type
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unipotential stem cells
or committed stem cells |
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visual identification of stems cells require microscopist to rely on
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size , shape, staining properties, nuclear configuration and chromatin patterns
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stem cells are detected and their several categories are distinguished by testing their developmental potential in an
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vivo or invitro assay system
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the assay detects a broad class of stem cells designated
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colony forming unit spleen (CFUS)
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two or more blood cell types
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pluripotential stem cells
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colony forming unit erythroid (CFUE)
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unipotential stem cells
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megakaryocyte lineage (CFUM)
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unipotential stem cells
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process of blood cell formation
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hemopoiesis
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the principal hemopoietic tissue in adult mammal is the
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bone marrow (erythrocyte, platelets, granular leukocytes)
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two types of marrow
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red and yellow
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lymphoid elements
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refer to mononuclear leukocytes
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myeloid elements
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refer to all other blood cells
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myeloid element (bone marrow or blood cell formation deriving from bone marrow)
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myelopoeisis
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Non-granular leukocyte (monocyte and lymphocyte) are produced (lymphopoiesis) in the
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lymphoid organs or bone marrow,
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the unitarian and monophyletic theory holds that all blood cells arise from a common stem cell
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hemocytoblast
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the dualistic or diphyletic theory
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Agranular = lymphocyte and monocyte
Granular = neutrophil, basophil, eusophil |
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polyphyletic
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each type of blood cell has its own primitive stem cell.
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Unitarian is most widely accepted because of
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autoradiography and chromosome markers
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3 phases of hemopoiesis
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1. yolk sac
2. liver and spleen 3. bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes |
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Mesenchyme
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Mesoderm
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Ratio of cells to fiber that compose interstitial matrix
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determining cells
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ameboid movement, nucleus present, Granular vs Agranular
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WBC
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mononucleated
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monocyte, lymphocyte
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phagocytic to bacterial and particle matter
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neutrophil
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phagocytic antibody-antigen complex
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eusophils
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WBC with no particular function
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Basophils
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"Wandering cell"
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mast cell, WBC's and plasma cells
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"Fixed Cell"
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fibroblast and fibrocyte
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largest of WBC, mononucleuated
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monocyte
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small of WBC, mononucleated
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lymphocyte
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reticular endothelial, whose function is phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, develop antibody by attaching to antigen
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monocyte
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do not pass through thymus but go directly to the lymphoid tissue via blood stream, only survive days to weeks when antigens are present
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B Lymphocytes
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"anti-virus cell"
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Natural Killer cells
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proliferation via mitosis, develop in bone marrow and then sent to thymus (stem cells recycling themselves) "memory cells" recognize previous antigens; travel to lymphoid organs and peripheral organs, where they live for months to years
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T Lymphocytes
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function is coagulation
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platelets
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neutrophils are phagocytic to
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bacteria and particular matter
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eosinophils phagocytize
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antibody-antigen complexes during allergic or parasitic infestation
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BASOPHILS function is unclear but have CHEMOTACTIC
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histamine - vaso dialator
heparin - anti-coagulant serotonin - vaso-constictor |
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play defensive role in phagocytosis and intracellular digestion
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monocyte
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essential for processing of antigen prior to development of antibodies
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monocyte
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Susceptible to certain drugs
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lymphocytes
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Rest spot and origin?
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lymphocytes
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develop in bone marrow , then sent to thymus for maturation and proliferation (mitosis)
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T cell Lymphocytes
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go to peripheral lymphoid organs , where they live for months to years and provide additional stimulus to B-cells for the production of antibodies
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T cell lymphocytes
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do not pass through thymus, but go directly to lymphoid tissue via blood stream
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B - Lymphocyte
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These survive only a few days to a week
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B - Lymphocyte
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when antigens are present in the body, ______ differentiate into plasma cells which synthesize antibodies
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B - Lymphocyte
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Platelets and tissue cells need this enzyme to initiate blood clotting
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thromboplastin
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the addition of calcium in prothrombin yields
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thrombin (enz)
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thrombin activates fibrinogen (blood protein) to
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fibrin (clot)
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all CTP cells can be distinguished by the
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cell to fiber ratio and the density of the interstitial matrix
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3 types of fibers in connective tissue
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Elastic, Reticular and Collagen
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3 types of fibers can be differentiated by two categories
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1. appearance
2. chemical reactions |
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most common type of connective fibers, run in all directions, occur in ALL C.T. and possess tensile strength
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White fibers or collagenous
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can be dissolved by a weak acid and when boiled, yields a gelatin substance
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collagenous or white fibers
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composed of macromolecules such as Tropocollagens
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Fibrils
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similar to collagen except finer in caliber, have less than affinity for acid dyes, dyes better with SILVER NITRATE = Argyrophilic, and if boiled, yield reticulum
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Reticular
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Silver Nitrate = Argyryophilic in
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Reticular
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Usually thinner than collagen fibers, and consist of macropolysaccharide and protein refered to as ELASTIN
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Elastic
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Consists of two components; amorphous homogeneous gel (Elastin) and Fibrolar (Mirofibrils = 110 diameter)
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Elastic
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Loose CTP aka _____ is located in hypodermis (all 3 fiber types)
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Areolar
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CTP is made up of
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fibroblasts
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most numerous fiber
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collagen
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fibers that are present and visible
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elastic (reticular must have SILVER NITRATE)
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Fibrocytes = produce fiber and ground matrix
Adipose cells may be present, bounded by reticular fibers histocytes (macrophages) may also be wandering cells |
Fixed Cells
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WBC's and plasms cells from blood
Mast Cells (histamine = vasodilator ) ( heparin = anticoagulant ) ( serotonin = vasoconstrictor) |
Wandering Cells
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CTP Cells are located in
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mesentaries, omenta and hypodermis
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random arrangement of collagen fibers, fibrocytes visible, and forms the dermis
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Dense IRREGULAR CTP
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collagen fibers found in dense, PARALLEL bundles, fibrocytes visible as thin purple streaks, and give tensile strength to resist pulling
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Dense Regular CTP
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Dense Regular CTP location
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Tendons (more regular) and Ligaments
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CTP with special properties
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Reticular CTP, Adipose CTP and Yellow Elastic CTP
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No fibrocytes visible, Found in lymphatic system, spleen , sinusoids of liver, and bone marrow. "Branching" patterns , red and white pulp cells visible, function is immunity
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Reticular CTP ( SILVER NITRATE = Argryophilic)
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most resilant fiber type
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reticular CTP
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regular arranged cells with boundaries of reticular fibers that are found just about anywhere but the brain, function is energy storage and protection
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Adipose CTP
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Pus like, elastic fibers greatest in number, pink collagen fibers in background ; Locations include ligamentum nuchae ,ligamentum flava and large arteries and bronchi and trachea; coiled spring-like appearance fibers that are shiny yellow
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yellow elastic CTP
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process of preserving protoplasm with the least alteration from the living state
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1. Fixation
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process of infiltrating tissue with an embedding agent
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2. embedding
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removal of dehydrating solution - replace with substance that is miscible with both dehydrating agent and embedding medium
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Cleared
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paraffin and celloidin
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infiltration
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histologist prefers to examine tissue that has not been fixed or dehydrated, so they use _____
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freeze-drying method
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process of slicing tissue embedded in paraffin into very thin parts
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3. sectioning
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process of enhancing natural contrast and making more evident various cell and tissue components
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4. staining
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three elements common to all types of CT
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1. Cells
2. Fibers 3. Matrix |
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responsible for synthesis of both fiber and ground substance
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Fixed Cells
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these move in and out of the CT via ground substances; the function is to remove debris after tissue injury and it is the first line of defense against invasion of micro organisms
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Wandering Cells
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Tissue age, tissue repair, tissue growth, and inflammatory response
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Factors that influence combination of cells found in tissue samples
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look like nerve cells, common in all types of CT, shape depends on physical state
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Fibroblast (fixed)
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Resting Fibroblast
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Resting - small nucleus
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Active Fibroblast
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Active - entire cell enlarged
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Secrete a glycoprotein and a muscopolysaccharide- basis of ground substance
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Fibroblast
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what demonstrates the ability of CT to repair
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Mesenchymal cells also will produce collagen - quantity will increase to such a degree that scar tissue is formed
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in injury new fibroblasts are recruited from an undifferentiated _____ cell
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mesenchyme
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Population of fibroblasts are ______ permanent
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not permanent
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cells migrate to site of injury and divide in preparation for wound repair
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fibroblasts
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smaller than fibroblasts, believed to be a primitive cell. Stimulation with toxins, believed to be a pre-cursor of adipose tissue
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mesenchymal cells
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can occur singularly or in groups; when adipose cells predominate over fiber and ground substance; function is the storage of nutrients in the form of triglycerides
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adipose cells
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5 steps of preparation of tissue in order
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1. Fixation
2. Embedding 3. Sectioning 4. Staining (xylol and Touluol) 5. Mounting |
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Three elements common to all types of C.T.
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Cell, Fibers and Matrix
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macrophages AKA histocytes
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specialize in phagocytosis; majority are in stationary (can detach and become mobile)
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Mononuclear Wandering Cell
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Neutrophil, basophil, eusophil, monocyte, lymphocytes ; Plasma Cell ; Mast cell
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resistance to disease is primary function - produce antibodies; cells that differentiate from lymphocytes and migrate from blood
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Plasma cells
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cannot see nucleus, large round cells that with pale nuclei, size and shape varies
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Mast Cells (heparin, serotonin, histamine)
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includes pleura , peritoneum and pericardium
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serous membrane
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thin layers of loosely arrange CT covered by a layer of flat mesothelial cells
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serous membrane
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differs from loose CT in a greater abundance of fiber dominating the cellular amorphous components
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Dense CT
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Fiber bundles are randomly arranged; located in dermis, beneath epithelium in parts of urinary tract
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Dense Irregular CT
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Fibers arranged in parallel manner; location is tendons and ligaments
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Dense Regular CT
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Mucous CT, Elastic CT, Reticular CT
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CT with special properties
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tissues primarily formed in embryo mesenchymal cell; located inu vitreous humor of eye and umbilical cord ( Whartons Jelly)
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Mucous CT
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elastic fibers dominate and collagen fibers are scarce. Located in abdomen wall and walls of hollow organs on which changing pressure acts from within
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Elastic CT
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Most resistant CT element (argyrophilic - affinity for silver nitrate)
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Reticular CT
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Which CT function provides mechanical support
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elastic and reticular
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CT function is the exchange of metabolites
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Blood - wandering cells
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CT function is storage of energy reserve
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adipose tissue
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CT function is to provide protection against infection
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macrophage
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CT function is repair after injury
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fibroblasts
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no nerves or blood vessels; cells are chondrocytes; matrix is important supplier of nutrients to the cells
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cartilage
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3 types of cartilage
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hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
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semi-transparent tissue with bluish-gray tint; Interstitial and Appositional Growth; Location includes trachael and larynx, ventral ends of ribs, joint surfaces of bones
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hyaline cartilage
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yellowish in color; more flexible; interstitial growth with a great deal of branching; Location is external ear and epiglottis
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elastic cartilage
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dense collagenous fibers embedded in matrix; Location is IVD , pubic symphisis and ligamentum teres femorus ( NO APPOSITIONAL GROWTH) absence of PERICHONDRIUM
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fibrocartilage
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physiological loss of bone
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atrophy
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physiological gain of bone
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hypertrophy
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spongy bone aka
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cancellous (spaces are large and visible)
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porous, spaces are small in diameter
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compact bone
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epiphysis and diaphysis are separated by epiphyseal plate which is
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cartilagenous metaphysis
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layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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articular surfaces
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periosteum
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layer of special CT having osteogenic potency (form bone) but no where articular surfaces are located
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bone matrix aka
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lamella
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bone cavities filled by long cells
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lacunae
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branching tubular passage of lacunae; deposition of calcium salts reduces permeability, but _______ provide nourishment by providing exchange of metabolites between cells and nearest perivascular space
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canniculi
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3 patters of compact bone in lamellae
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1. osteon
2. insterstitial system 3. outer and intercircumferential laminae |
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vascular Osteon or (haversian system)
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longitudinal
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vascular Volkman's canal (perforating)
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transverse or oblique
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composed of lamellae with lacunae embedded in the interstitial substance
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spongy bone
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trabeculae thin and usually not penetrated by blood vessels; (no osteons) (diffusion of free endosteal surface via network of canniculli
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spongy bone
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inner layer of bone forming cells (osteoblasts) in direct contact with bone (cambium layer)
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Inner layer of periosteum
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Osteoblasts revert to resting form - osteoprogenitor cells in
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Inner layer of periosteum
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inner layer of bone where injury reactivated to osteoblasts
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inner layer of periosteum
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