Histology Exam #1

Front 1

Cell Membrane has three main functions:

1.

2.

3.

Back 1

1. As a Selective Barrier

2. To Control of Intracellular ion content

3. Signaling/Signal Recognition

Front 2

_________ are small particles composed of rRNA and proteins, they function for protein synthesis.

Back 2

Ribosomes are small particles composed of rRNA and proteins, they function for protein synthesis.

Front 3

___________ is an organelle studded with ribosomes that also functions in protein synthesis.

Back 3

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organelle studded with ribosomes that also functions in protein synthesis.

Front 4

Metabolism of lipid and glycogen, detoxification and Ca+ sequestration are functions of the ____________________.

Back 4

Metabolism of lipid and glycogen, detoxification and Ca+ sequestration are functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Front 5

This organelle consists of smooth membranous sacs containing enzymes. It functions to complete the protein synthesis process.

Back 5

the Golgi Apparatus.

Front 6

These membrane limited vesicles contain enzymes function for intracellular digestion.

Back 6

Lysosomes

Front 7

The _______________ is a membrane enclosed organelle that functions for ATP production and maintain body temperature.

Back 7

The mitochondria is a membrane enclosed organelle that functions for ATP production and maintain body temperature.

Front 8

The command center of the cell is known as the ________________. It contains chromatin, nucleolus and the nuclear envelope.

Back 8

The command center of the cell is known as the nucleus. It contains chromatin, nucleolus and the nuclear envelope.

Front 9

Found inside the nucleus, the ______________ actively produces proteins.

Back 9

Found inside the nucleus, the nucleolus actively produces proteins.

Front 10

The ________________ is the double membrane inside the nucleus that is continuous with the Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 10

The nuclear envelope is the double membrane inside the nucleus that is continuous with the Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 11

Found inside the nucleus, ____________ contains DNA and associated proteins that code for all cell functions.

Back 11

Found inside the nucleus, chromatin contains DNA and associated proteins that code for all cell functions.

Front 12

The __________________ is composed of polyhedral cells, strongly adhered to each other via basement membrane (desmosomes) and covers the tubes, cavities and body surfaces, forms glands

Back 12

The epithelium is composed of polyhedral cells, strongly adhered to each other via basement membrane (desmosomes) and covers the tubes, cavities and body surfaces, forms glands

Front 13

Functions of the Epithelium:

1.

2.

3.

Back 13

Functions of the Epithelium:

1. Protection

2. Absorption

3. Secretion

Front 14

Types of Epithelium (7)

Back 14

1. Simple squamous

2. Simple cuboidal

3. Simple columnar

4. Stratified squamous

5. Stratified cuboidal

6. Psuedostratified columnar

7. Transitional

Front 15

Cells exhibit sidedness. The apical surface of a cell interacts with the _________.

Back 15

Lumen

Front 16

Cells exhibit sidedness. The lateral surface of a cell has _______________ ______________.

Back 16

Intercellular junctions.

Front 17

Cells exhibit sidedness. The basal surface of a cell interacts with the _________.

Back 17

underlying connective tissue.

Front 18

Lateral surface junctions include:

1.

2.

3.

Back 18

1. Tight Junctions

2. Adhering Junctions

3. Gap Junctions

Front 19

Tight junctions are also known as _________ _________. They function to _______________.

Back 19

AKA: Zonula Occludens

they function to seal off the paracellular area and play a key role in regulation of permeability in epithelial tissues.

Front 20

Two types of adhering junctions are _________ _________ or ____________ __________. They function to ____________________.

Back 20

Types: Zonula adherens or Macula Adherens (aka: desmosomes)

they function to adhere adjacent cells.

Front 21

Gap Junctions function to ______________________.

Back 21

Permit communication

Front 22

Adhering Junctions utilize these two molecules to adhere.

Back 22

Cadherins and catenins

Front 23

Gap Junctions are formed of six proteins called ______________. These six together form a _____________.

Back 23

Connexin, connexon

Front 24

These are membrane-covered structures that extend from the cell surface. They feature a 9+2 array of microtubules and are good for moving debris and mucous.

Back 24

Cilia

Front 25

Based on the number of cell layers, and shape of the cells at the apical layer, these are the two main types of epithelia: ____________ & ___________.

Back 25

Simple (one cell layer thick) & Stratified (>1 layer thick)

Front 26

This type of epithelia function for filtration, diffusion, absorption and secretion.

Back 26

Simple Epithelia

Front 27

This type of epithelia function for protection and renewal.

Back 27

Stratified Epithelia

Front 28

This type of epithelial cell in a single layer of flattened 'scale-like' cells. Examples include: lining of blood vessels and heart, and pulmonary alveoli

Back 28

Simple Squamous

Front 29

This type of epithelial cell is square in profile and can be found in glands and tubules.

Back 29

Simple Cuboidal

Front 30

This type of epithelial cell is tall and rectangular and the nuclei are generally found in the basal region of the cytoplasm. They can be found lining the digestive tract.

Back 30

Simple Columnar

Front 31

This type of epithelial cell always contact the basal lamina, but don't always reach the apical surface. They frequently vary in shape, and can be found lining the upper airways.

Back 31

Pseudostratified Columnar

Front 32

This type of epithelial cell are at the luminal surface and are sometimes keratinized. Their basal layer is a growth zone. They compose the epidermis, oral cavity and vaginal lining.

Back 32

Stratified Squamous

Front 33

This type of epithelial cell is 'dome-shaped' at the apical surface when relaxed. They are flattened when the organ is distended. They are found lining the urinary bladder and ureter.

Back 33

Transitional

Front 34

These glands contact the lumen via a duct, and they secrete their product apically.

Back 34

Exocrine Grands

Front 35

These glands lack ducts, and secrete their product (hormones) basally.

Back 35

Endocrine Glands

Front 36

The functions of connective tissue include:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Back 36

1. Supports, connects, protects and binds other tissues.

2. Matrix for intercellular communication and exchange.

3. Site of tissue reactions (inflammation)

4. Insulation, thermoregulation

5. Vascular support for other tissues

Front 37

Major components of connective tissue are:

1.

2.

Back 37

1. Cells

2. Extracellular Matrix

Front 38

The extracellular matrix is composed of:

1.

2.

3.

Back 38

1. Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastin)

2. Ground substance (glycoproteins, proteoglycans)

3. Interstitial fluids

Front 39

Fibers are long protein polymers that are produced by ______________.

Back 39

Fibroblasts

Front 40

Collagen functions to _________________.

Back 40

Provide tensile strength

Front 41

Elastin functions to _________________.

Back 41

Provide elasticity.

Front 42

Reticular fibers function to ___________________.

Back 42

Provide support.

Front 43

Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, has 3 sub-types:

1.

2.

3.

Back 43

1. Fibrillar (Types I, II, III)

2. Sheet Forming (IV)

3. Linking/Anchoring (VII)

Front 44

The molecular subunit of collagen is _____________. It's structure is a ________ _________.

Back 44

Procollagen, Triple Helix

Front 45

This fiber is thinner than Collagen Type I. It supports organs that are prone to bending and it can be identified with silver staining. It often has a coiled appearance.

Back 45

Elastin

Front 46

Identify this tissue

Back 46

Brown Fat, Adipose Tissue

Front 47

This is an example of ___________, ___________ connective tissue

Back 47

This is an example dense, regular connective tissue.

Front 48

This is an example of ___________, ___________ connective tissue

Back 48

This is an example dense, irregular connective tissue.

Front 49

This is an example of _________ cartilage.

Back 49

This is an example of elastic cartilage.

Front 50

These cells are ________.

Back 50

These cells are fibroblasts.

Front 51

This type of cartilage is called ______________.

Back 51

This type of cartilage is called fibrocartilage.

Front 52

This is an example of _________ cartilage.

Back 52

This is an example of hyaline cartilage.

Front 53

This is an example of ___________ connective tissue

Back 53

This is an example of loose connective tissue

Front 54

Identify this cell type

Back 54

Macrophages

Front 55

Identify this cell type

Back 55

Mast Cell

Front 56

Identify the highlighted cell.

Back 56

Mast Cell

Front 57

Identify this cell found in connective tissue.

Back 57

Plasma Cell

Front 58

These cells are found in connective tissue

Back 58

Plasma cells

Front 59

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 59

This is an example of psuedostratified columnar epithelia.

Front 60

The arrows are pointing out ____________ fibers.

Back 60

Reticular fibers

Front 61

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 61

This is an example of simple columnar epithelia.

Front 62

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 62

This is an example of simple cuboidal epithelia.

Front 63

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 63

This is an example of simple squamous epithelia.

Front 64

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 64

This is an example of stratified squamous epithelia.

Front 65

This is an example of _________________ epithelia.

Back 65

This is an example of transitional epithelia.

Front 66

Identify this tissue.

Back 66

White Fat, Adipose Tissue

Front 67

___________ fibers are formed from Type III collagen fibrils and form a delicate, mesh like network. Their function is to support highly cellular organs.

Back 67

Reticular fibers are formed from Type III collagen fibrils and form a delicate, mesh like network. Their function is to support highly cellular organs.

Front 68

__________ are large proteins with branched carbohydrates. They function to adhere cells to the basal lamina via integrin.

Back 68

Glycoproteins are large proteins with branched carbohydrates. They function to adhere cells to the basal lamina via integrin.

Front 69

Fibronectin, Laminin and Chondronectin are examples of _______________.

Back 69

Fibronectin, Laminin and Chondronectin are examples of glycoproteins.

Front 70

________________ are long chains of disaccharide molecules that provide lubrication and allow diffusion.

Back 70

Glycosaminoglycans are long chains of disaccharide molecules that provide lubrication and allow diffusion.

Front 71

Hyaloronic acid is an example of a ________________.

Back 71

Hyaloronic acid is an example of a glycosaminoglycan.

Front 72

These moleculare have a protein core, with carbohydrates attached to glycosaminoglycans. They provide structure to the matrix, hold water and sequester signaling molecules.

Back 72

Proteoglycans

Front 73

Aggrecan, found in cartilage, is an example of a _____________.

Back 73

Aggrecan, found in cartilage, is an example of a proteoglycan.

Front 74

These spindle shaped cells are the most common type of connective tissue cell. They synthesize fibers and matrix substances.

Back 74

Fibroblasts.

Front 75

____________ are phagocytic cells derived from blood monocytes. They have an irregular shape, and they function to endocytose particles. They are the body's first line of immune defense.

Back 75

Macrophages are phagocytic cells derived from blood monocytes. They have an irregular shape, and they function to endocytose particles. They are the body's first line of immune defense.

Front 76

Found in connective tissues and lymphatic organs, these cells have an eccentric (clock-like) face. They are derived from B cells, and function to synthesize antibodies.

Back 76

Plasma cells

Front 77

These are highly granular cells that store mediators of inflammation. They contain membrane-bound receptors for IgE.

Back 77

Mast Cells.

Front 78

This unilocar tissue functions as insulation and shock absorption. Norepinepherine activates lipases to break it down into circulating triglycerides.

Back 78

White Adipose Tissue.

Front 79

This multi-locar tissue is found mainly in newborns and hibernating animals. It functions for thermogenesis via the protein thermogenin.

Back 79

Brown Adipose Tissue

Front 80

Name the three types of cartilage:

1.

2.

3.

Back 80

Name the three types of cartilage:

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

Front 81

___________ is the most common type of cartilage.

Back 81

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage.

Front 82

This type of cartilage can be found in joint surfaces, respiratory tract and nasal passages.

Back 82

Hyaline Cartilage.

Front 83

This type of cartilage composes the epiglottis and the external ear.

Back 83

Elastic Cartilage

Front 84

This type of cartilage can be found on the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

Back 84

Fibrocartilage.

Front 85

___________ growth is important in the post-natal period. "Chondrogenic cells" of pericondrial connective tissue become chondroblasts. These condroblasts secrete matrix and become encased in lacunae forming __________________.

Back 85

Appositional growth is important in the post-natal period. "Chondrogenic cells" of pericondrial connective tissue become chondroblasts. These condroblasts secrete matrix and become encased in lacunae forming chondrocytes.

Front 86

__________ growth occurs in the epiphyseal growth plates of long bones. It occurs within a mass of pre-existing cartilage.

Back 86

Interstitial growth occurs in the epiphyseal growth plates of long bones. It occurs within a mass of pre-existing cartilage.

Front 87

When existing chondrocytes proliferate and secrete matrix and individual lacunae then separate as new matrix is deposited, _______________ growth is occurring.

Back 87

When existing chondrocytes proliferate and secrete matrix and individual lacunae then separate as new matrix is deposited, Interstitial growth is occurring.

Front 88

__________ consists of osteocytes embedded in a calcified matrix.

Back 88

Bone consists of osteocytes embedded in a calcified matrix.

Front 89

These cells develop from osteoproginators. They are active secretory cells at the margins of growing bone spicules (osteoids)

Back 89

Osteoblasts

Front 90

These cells are derived from matrix entrapped osteoblasts. They communicated and diffuse metabolites through dendritic processes and gap junctions.

Back 90

Osteocytes

Front 91

These cells, derived from blood monocytes, are multinucleated and reabsorb bone matrix, releasing Ca++ and result in bone remodeling.

Back 91

Osteoclasts

Front 92

The two mechanisms of bone development are:

1.

2.

Back 92

The two mechanisms of bone development are:

1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

Front 93

When a bone develops within the mesenchyme it is considered _____________ ossification. This generally occurs in dermal bones.

Back 93

When a bone develops within the mesenchyme it is considered intramembranous ossification.

Front 94

When a bone develops within cartilage it is considered ________________ ossification. All skeletal bones below the base of the skull are formed this way.

Back 94

When a bone develops within cartilage it is considered endochondral ossification.

Front 95

Back 95

Zone 1: Resting Cartilage

Zone 2: Proliferating Cartilage

Zone 3: Hypertrophic cartilage

Zone 4: Calcified cartilage

Zone 5: Ossification

Front 96

Immature bone, also known as _____________, morphologically appears "spongy" or trabecular.

Back 96

Immature bone, also known as primary, morphologically appears "spongy" or trabecular.

Front 97

Mature bone, also known as ___________, can either be compact or spongy.

Back 97

Mature bone, also known as secondary, can either be compact or spongy.

Front 98

Secondary bone, if compact, can be known as "______________" due to the layers of haversian systems.

Back 98

Secondary bone, if compact, can be known as "lamellar" due to the layers of haversian systems.

Front 99

These horizontal canals run perpendicular to Haversian canals.

Back 99

Volkmann's canals

Front 100

What is this image depicting?

Back 100

Osteons, concentric lamilar structures that produce compact bone.

Front 101

The three histological varities of muscle include:

1.

2.

3.

Back 101

The three histological varities of muscle include:

1. Skeletal

2. Smooth

3. Cardiac

Front 102

____________ muscle is striated due to the presence of light ______ bands, and dark ____ bands.

Back 102

Skeletal muscle is striated due to the presence of light I bands, and dark A bands.

Front 103

Identify A, B, C, D

Back 103

A = Epimysium (surrounds whole muscle)

B = Perimysium (surrounds fasicles)

C = Fascicle (clusters of fibers)

D = Endomysium (surrounds single fiber)

Front 104

Sort these from interior to exterior:

Perimysium Fascicle

Endomysium Epimysium

Back 104

Interior -> Exterior :

Endomysium, Fascicle, Perimysium, Epimysium

Front 105

Identify this tissue

Back 105

Skeletal Muscle

Front 106

Parallel bundles of fibers extending along the length of skeletal muscle are known as ________.

Back 106

Parallel bundles of fibers extending along the length of skeletal muscle are known as myofibrils.

Front 107

Identify this muscle.

Back 107

Skeletal Muscle

Front 108

Composed of actin and myosin and separated by Z lines, _________ are the repeating functional units of skeletal muscle.

Back 108

Composed of actin and myosin and separated by Z lines, Sarcomeres are the repeating functional units of skeletal muscle.

Front 109

Identify A-E

Back 109

A: Z disc

B: I Band

C: A Band

D: M Line

E: H Zone

Front 110

Titan attaches myosin to the ______________.

Back 110

Titan attaches myosin to the Z line.

Front 111

___________ are sarcolemmal invaginations that allow for action potential to be spread throughout the fiber.

Back 111

Transverse tubules are sarcolemmal invaginations that allow for action potential to be spread throughout the fiber.

Front 112

Identify this muscle type

Back 112

Cardiac Muscle

Front 113

Cardiac muscles feature ___________________ which are gap and adhering junctions that spread action potential, allowing the heart to function as a unit.

Back 113

Cardiac muscles feature intercalated disks which are gap and adhering junctions that spread action potential, allowing the heart to function as a unit.

Front 114

Identify this feature of cardiac muscle

Back 114

Intercalated disks

Front 115

Identify this area

Back 115

Purkinje fibers

Front 116

Identify this muscle.

Back 116

Smooth Muscle

Front 117

_____________ features elongated mononuclear cells, it is non-striated, with no T-tubule. it functions involuntarily and is regulated by hormones and autonomic nerves.

Back 117

Smooth muscle features elongated mononuclear cells, it is non-striated, with no T-tubule. it functions involuntarily and is regulated by hormones and autonomic nerves.

Front 118

A neuron is composed of these three parts:

1.

2.

3.

Back 118

A neuron is composed of these three parts:

1. Cell Body (perikaryon)

2. Dendrites (receives stimuli)

3. Axon (conducts impulses)

Front 119

__________ tissue, a substitute of connective tissue, supports neural survival and activity.

Back 119

Glial tissue, a substitute of connective tissue, supports neural survival and activity.

Front 120

Identify this cell

Back 120

Neuron

Front 121

Identify these glial cells

Back 121

Oligodendrocytes

Front 122

______________ produce the myelin around axons in the CNS, and often have a 'fried egg' appearance.

Back 122

Oligodendrocytes

Front 123

Identify these cells "?"

Back 123

Astrocytes

Front 124

___________ are scavenger cells that originate from blood monocytes. They are smaller than astrocytes and frequently elongated.

Back 124

Microglia are scavenger cells that originate from blood monocytes. They are smaller than astrocytes and frequently elongated.

Front 125

_______________ is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus. It provides the necessary ions and a cushion effect for the CNS.

Back 125

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus. It provides the necessary ions and a cushion effect for the CNS.

Front 126

Who Am I?

- I have gyri and sulci.

- I have 6 layers of cortical gray matter

- Pyramidal cells are my predominant neuron.

Back 126

I am the Cerebrum.

Front 127

Who Am I?

- I have gyri and sulci.

- I have 3 layers of cortical gray matter

- Purkinje cells are my predominant neuron.

Back 127

I am the Cerebellum.

Front 128

The six layers of cerebral gray matter are (in order):

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Back 128

The six layers of cerebral gray matter are (in order):

1. Molecular

2. Ext. Granular

3. Ext. Pyramidal

4. Int. Granular

5. Int. Pyramidal

6. Multiform

Front 129

Identify these three layers of the cerebrum

Back 129

1. Pia Mater

2. Gray Matter

3. White Matter

Front 130

Identify these three layers of cerebellum.

Back 130

1. Molecular Layer

2. Purkinje cells

3. Granular layer

Front 131

Identify these areas of the cerebellum.

Back 131

(upper) Gray matter

(lower) White matter

Front 132

The cell membrane of the ___________ cell has a higher lipid content, and provides myelin sheathing in the PNS.

Back 132

The cell membrane of the Schwann cell has a higher lipid content, and provides myelin sheathing in the PNS.

Front 133

______________ are gaps in the myelin layer that provide saltatory conduction.

Back 133

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin layer that provide saltatory conduction.