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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four basic tissue types, in order of the amount of extracellular matrix they contain?
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connective tissue
muscle epithelial tissue nervous tissue |
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What is the limit of resolution for a light microscope?
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200 nm
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What is the size range of most plant and animal cells?
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10-100 um
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What is the size of the largest viruses?
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100 nm
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How long is the diameter of a nucleus?
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10 um
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How long is the diameter of a red blood cell?
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7 um
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What is the diffraction limit of a light microscope?
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d = lambda / 2(NA)
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What are the properties of haematoxylin?
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basic blue
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What are the properties of eosin?
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acidic red
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Which stain is used to show reticular fibers?
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silver stain
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What structure is silver staining used for?
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reticular fibers
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Which stain is used to show elastic fibers?
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Elastic-Van Gieson stain
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What structure is Elastic-Van Gieson staining used for?
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elastic fibers
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Which stain is used to show basement membrane, glycogen, and other carbohydrates?
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Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain
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What structure is Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining used for?
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basement membrane, glycogen, and other carbohydrates
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What are the functions of plasma membrane proteins?
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signal receptors
transporters ion channels adhesion receptors |
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What parts of a plasma membrane and protein interact to form an attachment?
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hydrophobic amino acids of proteins and nonpolar regions of the bilayer
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What is the limit of resolution for electron microscopy?
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1 nm
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What is the diameter and structure of microfilaments?
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6 nm double helix
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What is the diameter and structure of intermediate filaments?
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10 nm tetramer of two antiparallel helices
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What is the diameter and structure of microtubules?
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23 nm protofilaments consisting of alpha and beta tubulin
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Which cytoskeletal element is most abundant at desmosomes?
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intermediate filaments
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What type of cell-cell junction are intermediate filaments most prominent in?
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desmosomes
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What is phalloidin used to stain?
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actin filaments
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What is the destination of proteins synthesized on free ribosomes?
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the cytosol
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What is the destination of proteins synthesized on bound ribosomes?
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secreted from cell or
stored in granules |
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What are four functions of the golgi complex?
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glycosylation
sulfation phosphorylation packing and storing secretory products |
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Which side is the cis face of the golgi?
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towards the endoplasmic reticulum
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Which side is the trans face of the golgi?
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towards the plasma membrane
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Which side of the golgi faces towards the endoplasmic reticulum?
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cis
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Which side of the golgi faces towards the plasma membrane?
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trans
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Where are hydrolytic enzymes synthesized?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What are three locations that are high in mitochondria?
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base of ion-transferring cells
middle of spermatazoa apical end of ciliated cells |
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What is a clinically-relevant organelle function disease?
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Treacher Collins syndrome
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What kind of connection do epithelial cells have to one another?
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tight junctions
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Where is the nucleus located in a columnar epithelial cell?
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basal side
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What are the two categories of epithelium?
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epithelia and glandular
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What type of epithelium is endothelium?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli of the lungs?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What kind of epithelium is found in the kidney tubules?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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What kind of epithelium is found in the intestines?
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simple columnar epithelium
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What are two common features of simple columnar epithelium?
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microvilli on apical surface
contain goblet cells |
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What type of epithelium is found on the skin?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found on the tongue?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found in the anus?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found in the reproductive tract?
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pseuostratified columnar epithelium
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Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
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some ducts and sweat glands
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What type of epithelium is found in the bulbar conjunctiva of eyes?
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stratified columnar epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found in the bladder?
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transitional epithelium
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What type of gland contains goblet cells?
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unicellular gland
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What type of gland is a salivary gland?
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multicellular gland
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What makes the basal lamina?
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epithelial cells
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What makes the reticular lamina?
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fibroblasts in connective tissue
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What are reticular fibers composed of?
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type III collagen
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What is the basal lamina composed of?
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proteoglycans (heparon sulfate)
laminin type IV collagen |
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What is the layer between epithelial cells and connective tissue?
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basement membrane
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What makes up the basement membrane?
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basal lamina + reticular lamina
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Which layer of the basement membrane is thicker?
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reticular lamina
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What is the most apical cell junction?
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zonula occludens
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What are zonula occludens made of?
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claudin and occludin
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What are zonula adherens made of?
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E-cadherins
transmembrane glycoproteins actin filaments |
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Which cell juntion is made if E-cadherins, transmembrane glycoproteins, and actin filaments?
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zonula adherens
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What are gap junctions made of?
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connexons (made of 6 connexins)
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What side of a cell are gap junctions found on?
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lateral
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Which cell junction provides a strong force that holds cells together?
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macula adherens (desmosome)
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What are macula adherens made of?
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attachment plaque, cadherin, intermediate filaments (keratin)
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What kind of fibers are found in connective tissue?
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collagen fibers
elastic fibers reticular fibers |
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What is the embryonic source of connective tissue?
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mesenchyme
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What is the primary function of fibroblasts?
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structure
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What is the primary function of macrophages?
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defense
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What is the primary function of mast cells?
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defense (storage of inflammatory mediators)
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What is the primary function of plasma cells?
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defense (synthesize antibodies)
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What are plasma cells derived from?
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B-lymphocytes
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What is the primary function of leukocytes?
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defense and repair
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What is the primary function of adipocytes?
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fat storage and heat production
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Which type of collagen is found in cartilage?
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type II collagen
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Which type of collagen is found in tendon and bone?
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type I collagen
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Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?
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type III collagen
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Which type of collagen forms networks?
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type IV collagen
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How is collagen synthesized?
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- preprocollagen is synthesized in RER
- procollagen is assembled in RER - procollagen becomes tropocollagen in extracellular space - tropocollagen aggregates for form fibrils (type I and III fibrils aggregate into fibers) |
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Is hemoglobin acidophilic or basophilic?
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acidophilic
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What is the net charge of collagen?
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positive
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Which of the following are avascular: adipose tissue, dense regular connective tissue, elastic cartilage, epithelium, hyaline cartilage, lamellar bone, woven bone?
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epithelium and hyaline cartilage
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What is responsible for high osmotic pressure in cartilage matrix?
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chondroitin sulfate
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What are ground substance composed of?
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glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans multiadhesive glycoproteins |
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Where is ground substance found?
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between collagen and elastic fibers, and surrounding fibroblasts in connective tissue
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Where are proteoglycans formed?
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golgi
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Where are glycosaminoglycans made?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What is the function of glycosaminoglycans?
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bind water in ground substance (hydophilic, voluminous, and viscous)
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What are the four main glycosaminoglycans?
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dermatan sulfate
chondroiton sulfate keratan sulfate heparan sulfate |
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Which glycosaminoglycan does not bind to proteins to form proteoglycans?
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hyaluranon
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What is the function of proteoglycans?
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anchor cells to extracellular matrix and bind growth factors
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What is the dominant proteoglycan of cartilage extracellular matrix?
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aggrecan
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What is aggrecan?
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aggregates of chondroitin sulfate bonded to hyaluronic acid core in cartilage extracellular matrix
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What are the eight types of multicellular glands?
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simple tubular, simple coiled tubular
simple branched tubular, simple acinar simple branched acinar, compound acinar compound branched tubular, compound tubulo-acinar |
