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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Addison's
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- Hyposecretion of Adrenal Cortex
- Dec. Mineral & Gluco corticoids - Hypotension - Dec. fxn to stress - High ACTH levels |
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Cushing's
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- Excess Glucocorticoid secretions
- Buffalo Hump, Ab Fat, Moon face - bruise easily, striae, poor wound healing, susceptible to diabetes Causes: xcess ACTH, xcess CRH, xcess cortisol or corticosterone |
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Conn's
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- Excess Mineralocorticoids
- Hypertension, Polyuria, dec K, Inc Na |
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Androgenital Syndrome
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- Excess Androgen secretion leading to masculinization in females
- 21 or 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency - results in low glucocorticouds & high ACTH - Hirsutism, receding hairline, male escutcheon, big clit * Body secretes lots of ACTH trying to boost glucocorticoids levels and as a side fx makes lots of androgens |
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Pheochromocytomas
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- adrenal medullary tumors
- cause hypersecretion of NE & Epi |
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Kallman's Syndrome
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- LHRH (GnRH) neurons do not migrate from olfactory regions to hypothalamus b/c of agenesis of olfactory bulbs.
- No LHRH to stim AP and gondadotropin secretion is hypogonadotropic - Testes are not stimulated & person is hypogonadal |
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Eunuchoidism
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- Delayed or absent puberty
- Minimal leydig cell testosterone secretion before puberty - tall w/ female configuration |
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Cryptorchidism
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- nondescended testes in one or both sides
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Klinefelter's
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- XXY
- Hypogonadism & Infertility - Small Testes - Spermatogenesis doesn't get past primary spermatocytes |
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Endometriosis
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- Ectopic growth of endometrial tissues
- Causes fibrosis and may prevent ovum from entering the abdomen |
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Sheehan's Syndrome
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- AP is enlarged during preg. due to increased estrogen causing increased lactotrope number & size, which may put pressure on pituitary stalk.
- Causes Shock w/ vascular collapse if there is hemorrhage postpartum in portal vessels - Hypopituitarism develops - Patient will feel weak and health will go down hill - may have trouble lactating - Secondary Hypothryoidism - fatigue, weight gain, hair loss |
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When does luteinization start?
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one day prior to ovulation
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Chiari-Frommel Syndrome
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- Persistance of Lactation (galactorrhea) and amenorrhea in women who do not nurse after delivery
- due to increased prolactin secretion & low FSH & LH - Similar to women w/ prolactin adenomas (most common type of AP tumor) |
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Gynecomastia
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Breast development in males
- due to increase in circulating estrogen |
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Precocious Puberty
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- Early puberty due to loss of GnRH regulating mechanism
- GnRH (LHRH) is secreted unregulated - can be due to hypothalamic lesions |
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Precocious Pseudopuberty
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- secondary sex characteristics w/out gametogenesis
- due to exposure to androgens or estrogens |
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Primary & Secondary Amenorrhea
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Primary
- amenorrhea until puberty Secondary - amenorrhea after puberty - stopping of menstrual cycle - normal during pregnancy & menopause - can be induced be anorexia or excess weight loss from exercise |
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Acromegaly
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- Hands/Feet enlarged
- galactorrhea - Internal organs enlarge - headaches - tunnell vision - Due to a GH or GHRH secreting tumor causing hypersecretion of IGF-1 from the hepatocytes AFTER puberty |
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Gigantism
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- Caused by hypersecretion of IGF-1 PRIOR to puberty
- GH or GHRH secreting tumor - Often have hypopituitarism resulting in low Gonadal hormones and failure to close epiphyseal plates |
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Pituitary Dwarf
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- Due to Hyposecretion of IGF-1 prior to adulthood, low GH, GHRH, or IGF-1
- Can be fixed before closure of epiphyseal plates by administration of GH |
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Laron Dwarf
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Insensitivity to GH, caused by a mutation in the receptor
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Creutzfield-Jakob Disease
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- Using cadavers as a source of GH can cause this disease
- Prion disease - Degeneratice neurological disorder |
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Achondroplasia
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- can cause dwarfism
- genetic lack of receptor for fibroblast growth factor receptor - |
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Kasper- Hauser Syndrome
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- Failure to produce GH due to neglect stress
- pyschosocial |
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Embryo - Adrenals
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Cortex - Mesoderm
Medulla - Neural Crest Cells, Ectoderm |
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Embryo - Thyroid
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Follicular Cells
- Migrate through the floor of the oral cavity & reach anterior side of trachea - ENDODERM C-cells - migrate to anterior side of trachea - from NEUROECTODERM (neural crest cells) |
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Iodine Deficiency
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- Goiter
- Can't make T3 or T4 - Prob high TSH levels - Big columnar follicular cells - little colloid |
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Hyperthryoidism
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- usually assoc. w/ graves (low TSH due to TSH receptor stimulating ab)
- can lead to hypertrophy & hyperplasia of thyroid - rarely is due to a TSH secreting tumor |
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Graves
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- Hyperthyroidism
- low TSH levels - assoc. w/ TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (used to be called LATS) - exophthalamos - |
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Cretinism
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- hypothyroidism in children
- irreverisble - stunted mental & physical growth due to low T3 & T4 due to def. of Iodine |
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Myxedema
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- hypothyroidism in adults
- assoc w/ low or high TSH - Can be caused by Iodine def (high TSH) - Can be caused by compromised pituitary (low TSH) - Thickened, dry, flaking skin - Pale, Yellow Skin - Most commonly in US caused by antibodies against thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, or TSH receptor blocking antibody - Can be diagnosed on phone |
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Diabetes Insipidus
- Congenital & acquired |
Congenital
- mutation in PP for ADH Acquired - one cause is Sheehan's Syndrome |
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Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
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- ADH may be normal, but kidneys don't respond well
Causes - Loss of V2 receptor - abnormal aquaporin 2 channel |
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Diabetes Insipidus in Pregnancy
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- Placenta makes VASOPRESSINASE
- increases clearance of ADH causing diabetes insipidus |
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SIADH
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- increased ADH due to a tumor or a disorder
- dec. plasma osmolality - inc. urine osmolality, very concentrated urine |
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Vit D. Deficiency
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Rickets - Kids
Osteomalacia - Adults * bowlegs & knock knees |
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3 Fxns of PTH on Ca
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1.) inc. bone resorption of Ca, raising blood Ca levels
2.) inc. Ca resorption in distal tubules of kidney 3.) inc. 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vit D) causing Ca resorption in gut |
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Hypoparathyroidism
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- Hypocalcemia (Trousseau's & Chvostek's sign)
- Leads to muscle spasms & tetany |
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Pseudohypoparathyroidism
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- Plasma PTH high
- defect in receptors for PTH |
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Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
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- Lack of ACTH receptors on adrenal gland
- High ACTH - Addison's (Low Cortisol) |
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Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
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- No ACTH secretion
- dec. glucocorticoids |
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Hyperparathyroidism
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- Hypercalcemia
- Hypophosphatemia - destruction of bones and formation of kidney stones - primary cause is a benign adenoma, cancer in the glands is less common |
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3 Major Steps of FA Synth
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1.) Transport of Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA to the cytosol
2.) Conversion of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA, the "committed step", which activates acetyl CoA 3.)FA synthesis via FA Synthase |
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Citrate Lyase
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- transports citrate across the OMM and cleaves it into OAA & Acetyl-CoA
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase in the fed state
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- It is inhibited in the fed state
- causing accumulation of citrate for FA synthesis |
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Malic Enzyme
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Malate --> Pyruvate
- regenerates NADPH for FA synthesis * PPP also regenerates NADPH which can be used in FA synthesis |
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NADPH for FA synthesis
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- Malic enzyme
- PPP |
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High Insulin/Glucagon Ratio induces synthesis of these 3 enzymes for FA synthesis
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1.) Malic Enzyme
2.) Citrate Lyase 3.) G6PD (PPP) |
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Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
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Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA
- For FA synth - "Committed Step" - requires Biotin |
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Regulation of ACC
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1.)Phosphorylation
- Insulin, activates Phosphotase, which removes P, activating ACC - Glucagon, activates AMP-dependent Protein Kinase, phosphorylating ACC, inactivating it 2. Allosteric - Citrate (+) - Palmitoyl CoA (-) 3. Induction/Repression of synthesis - high insulin/glucagon induces synthesis of FA Synthase |
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Thioesterase
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- Cleaves Palmitate from the ACP on FA synthase
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2 key control NZ of FA Synth & Breakdown
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- ACC
- CPT-I |
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Desaturation of FA, requires these 4 things
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1.) NADPH
2.) O2 3.) Cyt b5 4.) Cyt b5 Reductase |
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Desaturation & elongation of Linoleic acid produces....?
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- eicosapentaenoic acid (arachidonic acid)
- Linoleic & linolenic acid are omega 3 & 6 FA from plant oils - essential FA - used to make arachidonic acid |
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2 ways to make G-3-P for synth of TAG
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1.) DHAP --> G3P
- G3P dehydrogenase - adipose only uses this way 2.) glycerol --> G3P - Glycerol kinase * Liver uses both 1 & 2 |
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Phosphatidic acid
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G3P + 2FACoA --> Phosphatidic Acid
- a common precursor for both TAGs & Phospholipids |
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Difference between Muscle LPL & Adipose LPL
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Muscle LPL
- low Km (high aff.) - allows m. to use FA as fuel even when [VLDL] is decreased Adipose LPL - High Km (low aff.) - stores fates when [VLDL] is high (ie. after a meal) |
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In adipose tissues, insulin stimulates
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1. Secretion of LPL
2. Transport of glucose into cells 3. Glycolysis 4. Conversion of glucose to fatty acids |
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Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH)
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Overproduction of apo-B100 = increased VLDL packaging
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