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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Connective Tissue Function |
- Hold tissue together (support) - Thermoregulation, Defense and Repair - Mesodermal Origin - Exchange between cells and blood |
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Connective Tissue Structure |
- free and fixed cells surrounded by extracellular matrix (fibers, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid) |
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Connective Tissue Free Cells |
- Lymphocyte - Leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) - Mast Cell - Plasma Cell - |
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Connective Tissue Fixed Cells |
- Adipocyte - Fibroblast - Fibrocyte - Macrophage - Melanocyte - Pericyte |
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Connective Tissue Ground Substance |
Composed of: - Glycosaminoglycans - Proteoglycans - Hyaluronic Acid - Tissue fluids (ions, plasma protein) |
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Collagen Fibers |
- Fresh are White - Stain with acid dye - High Tensile Strength - Tendons, Ligaments, Organ Capsules |
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Elastic Fibers |
- Yellow Appearance - Stretch 2.5x - individual, branching or anastomising - main component elastin (from fibroblast) |
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Reticular Fibers |
- Only visible with silver impregnation - Collagen Type 3 - Thin, no bundles, flexible network around capillaries, muscle fibers, adipose cells |
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Mesenchymal cell |
- Undifferentiated - irregular shape, multiple processes - large oval nucleus (spindle) - give rise to all connective tissue |
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Loose Connective Tissue |
- Sparse cells and fibres - Ground Substance Dominates |
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Dense Connective Tissue |
- Irregular - fibres arranged irregularly - Regular - collagen fibres bundles parallel, with fibroblasts |
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Fibroblast |
- large, with ovoid large pale nucleus - contains more protein producing organelles (rough ER & golgi complex) - builds fibres from proteins |
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Fibrocyte |
- smaller, darker elongated nucleus - acidophilic cytoplasm (few rough ER) |
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Macrophage |
- monocyte in blood - derived from bone marrow - phagocytic - osteoclast (bone tissue), Kupffer cell (liver), Microglial cell (CNS), Langerhans Cell (Skin) |
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Lymphocyte |
- T (cell mediated response) - B (humoral response) - Dense basophilic nucleus |
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Plasma cells |
- derived from B Lymphocyte - antibody producing cells - numerous in lymphatic tissue |
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Mast Cells |
- Oval round cells - groups near blood vessels |
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Neutrophil |
- Multilobated nuclei - Indicates inflammation - first line of defence |
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Cartilage |
- specialised form of connective tissue, supporting role in body consists of; - proteoglycans, glycoproteins, hyaluronic acid which surrounds fibrous & cellular components |
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Chondroblast, clast and cyte |
- Cartilage - Chondroblast: active - Chondroclast: destroyer cell - Chondrocyte: inactive, sits in lacunae Synthesise and secrete extracellular matrix |
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Perichondrium |
- contains blood and nerves that support cartilage - dense connective sheet around cartilage |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
- most common (glassy, translucent) - delicate network of collagen fibers - lacunae form isogenic groups - territorial matrix surround chondrocytes - interterritorial matrix between groups of chondrocytes |
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Elastic Cartilage |
- presence of elastic fibres - matrix crisscrossed by fibrous network of collagen and elastic fibres - fresh occur yellow (elastin present) |
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Fibrocartilage |
- bundles of collagen type 1 predominate - transition of cartilage to dense CT - no perichondrium |
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Interstitial growth |
- chondroblast undergoes mitotic divisions - matrix separates daughter cells - cartilage expands from inside |
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Appositional Growth |
- mesenchyme differentiate into the perichondrium |
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Bones Function & Composition |
- support, attachment, protection, mineral storage, hemopoiesis - direct vascular supply - matrix of collagen fibres and bone salts |
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Osteoblast, cytes, clast |
Osteoblast - active Osteocyte - inactive Osteoclast - multinucleated destroyer cell derived from monocyte |
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Spongy/Trabecular Bone |
- inside epiphysis of long bone - lacelike area of anastomising bone - trabeculae (lined by endosteum) - separated by adipose |
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Troponin complex |
TnT - attaches to tropomyosin TnC - binds calcium ions TnI inhibits actin-myosin interaction |
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Type I Fibres (Red/Slow) |
Small, large no. myoglobin and mitochondria Oxidative pathway for energy Contract and fatigue slowly |
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Type II Fibres (White/Fast) |
Less myoglobin and mitochondria Store glycogen, anaerobic glycolysis for energy production Contract and fatigue rapidly |
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Intermediate muscle fibres |
Large glycogen Able to Anaerobic glycolysis |
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Sliding Filament Theory |
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum sequesters Ca Ions - Ca Ions bind with troponin, move tropomyosin away from binding site - Myosin bind with ATP, make ADP and P+ move head - Uses energy produced, pushes actin filament, sarcomere contracts - ADP & P+ leave myosin head, new ATP joins and myosin releases actin - REPEAT |
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Endochondrial Ossification |
- Resting - hyaline cartilage - Proliferation - chondrocytes form columns - Hypertrophy - chondrocytes enlarge and become vaculated - Calcification Zone - cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes degenerate - Ossification - osteoblasts differentiate, deposit bone matrix on calcified cartilage |
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Hemopoiesis |
Prenatal stage - mesenchymal stage - embryo development, cells originate from mesenchyme as islands of erythroblastic stem cells - hepato-lineal stage - migrate to liver and spleen - bone marrow stage - replaced into bone marrow Postnatal stage - in marrow of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, skull and sternum Marrow changes from red to yellow as adipose is added |
