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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do you call a cancer cell that arises from connective tissue
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Sarcoma
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What do you call cancer arising from the blood or bone marrow
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Leukemia
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What do you call those proteins that are involved in apoptosis
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Caspases
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what are the 2 types of caspases
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initiator and effector
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In extrinsic apoptosis a ligand binds to what kind of receptor?
what kind of proteins are activated |
a death receptor
death domain adaptor proteins |
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whats the first big event of intrinsic apoptosis
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puncturing of mitochondria and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria
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the two components of nucleosomes
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DNA and histones
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what is the diameter of a nucleosome
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10 nm in diameter
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how many histones in a nucleosome
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8
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where do you find telomeres
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at the ends of chromosomes
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In a medical battalion, how many surgical companies and shock trauma platoons are there?
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Three Surgical Companies and Eight Shock Trauma Platoon.
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what are the four phases of the cell cycle in order
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m (mitotic), G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2)
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interphase consists of what parts of the cycle
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G1, S, G2
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the 2 checkpoints of G1
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DNA damage
Restriction (evaluation of cell size and environment) |
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what happens in the S phase
S phase checkpoint |
replication of DNA (including centromeres)
DNA damage checkpoint |
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what happens in G2
G2 checkpoints |
cell prepared for replication
Checkpoints for unreplicated DNA, DNA damage |
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M phase checkpoints
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Spindle assemble (prevents premature anaphase)
chromosome segregation (no cytokinesis until they are) |
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what do you call the proteins that regulate the cell cycle
what do you call the proteins that regulate THEM |
cyclins
cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) |
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what part of the cell cycle is the Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) associated with
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G1
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what is the main cyclin for the M phase
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Cyclin B
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Does Rb inhibit or activate the cell cycle
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inhibit
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Is Rb active when phosphorylated or dephosphorylated?
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Rb active when dephosphorylated
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Active Rb protein does what to what?
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binds E2F protein, which wants to initiate the S phase and DNA synthesis
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There are DNA damage checkpoints at G1, S and G2. Does DNA damage activate or inhibit P53
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Activates P53
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What does unreplicated DNA at the G2 checkpoint do?
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inactivates the M cyclin and Cdk until replication is complete
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What protein product does activated p53 cause to be translated?
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Cdk inhibitory proteins (CKI's)
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what does APC stand for?
What cell phase do you it? |
Anaphase Promoting Complex
M phase |
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How does APC function?
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APC causes the dissocciation of Securin, a regulatory protein, from Separase, which wants to get in and disrupt the Cohesin complexes between sister chromatids
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how would you describe telomerase
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its an enzyme not usually found in humans that elongates the telomeres, prolonging cell life
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what happens when the telomeres are used up?
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p53 is activated and the cell is shut down
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can some cancer cells reactivate telomorase?
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yes, and genetic instability continues to cascade, resulting in accelerated mutations
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name the 5 stages of mitosis in order
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prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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what do you call that region of heterochromatin that holds sister chromatids together?
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centromere
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what do you call the organelle that is a the microtubule organizing center
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centrosome
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what do you call that complex of 80 proteins that attaches the chromosome to the mitotic spindle
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kinetochore
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how many centrosomes in a microtubule organizing complex?
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2, at right angles to each other, inside this spherical MTOC
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what are the 3 types of microtubules (by function) in mitosis
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Astral (just out there)
Kinetochore (to the centromere/kinetochore apparatus) Overlap |
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what are the two motor proteins of mitosis
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dynein
kinesin |
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at what phase do the centrosomes replicate?
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S
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3 things that occur during prophase
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chromosomes condense
mitotic spindle assembly forms kinetochores form |
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2 things of prometaphase
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breakdown of nuclear envelope
chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle via kinetochores |
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1 thing that identifies metaphase
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chromosomes aligned at the equatorial, metaphase plate
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what are the two phases of anaphase
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the kinetochore microtubules get shorter
the centrosomes move further apart |
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3 things that occur in telophase
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the separated sister chromatids decondense
reassembly of nuclear envelope assembly of the contractile ring |
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the constricting of the contractile ring causes what?
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cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm
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