Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the Functions of the Ovaries
|
Gametogenesis
Production of Steroid Hormones |
|
What are the Hormones produced by the ovaries?
|
Estrogen
Progestrone |
|
What are developing gametes in the ovary called?
|
Oocytes
|
|
What are mature gametes in the ovary called?
|
Ova
|
|
What does the cortex of the ovary contain?
|
Ovarian Follicles
|
|
What are ovarian follicles embedded in?
|
Stroma (CT)
|
|
what type of cells cover the medulla of the ovary?
|
the Germinal Epithelium; single layer of cuboidal or squamous
|
|
What is located in between the Germinal epithelium and the cortex of the ovary?
|
a dense tunica albuginea
|
|
In the ovary; what cells contain Reinke Crystalloids and are related to the Leydig Cells of the testis?
|
Hilar Cells
|
|
What do Hilar Cells secrete?
|
Androgens
|
|
What does hyperplasia of Hilar Cells of the ovary lead to?
|
Masculinisation
|
|
What are the 3 Follicle Development Stages?
|
Primoridal Follicle
Growing Follicle Mature aka Graafian Follicle |
|
What are the 3 Substeps of the Growing Follicle?
|
Primary Follicle
Late Primary Follicle Seconday/Antral Follicle |
|
Cycling ovaries maintain follicles at all stages of development; but what stage is predominate?
|
Primoridal Follicles
|
|
When does Primoridal Follicles appear?
|
During 3rd month of Fetal Development
|
|
What structure in the ovary grows early and independent of Gonadotropin stimulation?
|
Follicles
|
|
What is a Follicle?
|
Small secretory cavity, sac, or gland, (like a hair follicle); the sheath of cells and CT that surrounds the root of a hair
|
|
What defines the primordial follicle?
|
A single layer of squamous follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte with a basal lamina; closely apposed (close) to one another
|
|
what surrounds the oocyte in the primordial follicle?
|
Stromal (supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, consisting of CT and BV) Cells
|
|
What does Stromal Cells later divide into?
|
Theca Cells
|
|
What is the first stage of the development of a Growing Follicle?
|
Primary Follicle
|
|
What occurs in the primary follicle?
|
Oocyle enlarges
|
|
What happens to the cells surrounding the primary follicle during development?
|
Become cuboidal; become follicle cells
|
|
What are Zona Pellucida found in?
|
Primary Follicles
|
|
What is secreted by the oocyte during the primary follicle phase?
|
Zona pellucida
|
|
What does zona pellucida look like?
|
pink; refractile, gel-like layer
|
|
What are Zona Pellucida rich in?
|
GAGs adn Glycoproteins
(PAS+) |
|
Where does the Zona Pellucida appear between; in the primary follicle?
|
The oocyte and the follicle cells
|
|
What transformation process does the follicle cells of the late primary follicle undergo?
|
Undergo stratification (rapid mitosis)
|
|
What does the stratification of the follicle cells in the late primary follicle form?
|
A Granulosa Layer of primary follicle
|
|
What does the formed granulosa layer of the primary follicle; formed in the late primary follicle develop between cells?
|
Extensive Gap Junctions
--> There are no tight junctions as seen in testis; therefore there are no blood-follicle barriers |
|
During the late primary follicle phase; what does the surrounding connective tissue form?
|
Theca Folliculi
|
|
What are the two layers of the Theca Folliculi?
|
Theca Interna; rich vascular network; like an endocrine organ
Theca Externa |
|
Where dose Maturation of the Oocyte occur?
|
In the Primary Follicle
|
|
As the Zona Pellucida is deposited by the oocyte; what else occurs?
|
Numerous irregular microvilli projects from the oocyte into the perivitelline space and slender process project toward the oocyte from the granulosa cells
|
|
Where is the preivitelline space located?
|
Between the oocyte and the surrounding granulosa cells
|
|
What happens to the projected microvilli from the oocyte; projected into the perivitelline space; and the processes from the granulosa cells toward the oocyte? What happens to the cytoplasm?
|
Processes intermingle with microvilli and invaginate into the oocyte plasma membrane
No Cytoplasmic continuity between the cells |
|
What does Theca Interna posses receptors for?
|
LH-Luteinising Hormone
|
|
What happens to Theca Interna in responce to LH stimulation?
|
Synthesize and secrete Androgens
|
|
What are Androngens precursors of?
|
Estrogens
|
|
What type of cells are the Theca externa made of?
|
Mainly Smooth Muscle and collagen bundles
|
|
What are the boundaries between the 2 Theca layers and the surrounding stroma?
|
Indistinct
|
|
Where can a distinct boundary be defined in the theca layers?
|
basal lamina between the granulosa and theca layers
|
|
What does the Theca Externa separate?
|
The rich capillary bed of theca interna from the granulosa layer which is avascular during period of follicular growth.
|
|
Whats another name for the Secondary Follicle?
|
Antral Follicle
|
|
What characterizes a secondary/antral follicle?
|
Fluid containing Antum (Liquor Folliculi)
|
|
What happens to the oocyte during the seconday/antral follicle phase?
|
undergoes no further growth
|
|
What inhibits the growth of the oocyte during the seconday/antral follicle stage?
|
A peptide; OMI- Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor
|
|
What is OMI secreted by?
|
Granulosa Cells
|
|
What are 3 factors for Oocyte and Follicular Growth?
|
FSH
GFs - Epidermal GF; Insulin-like GF Ca+ Ions |
|
What is a Graafian Follicle?
|
A fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation; aka Mature Follicle
|
|
What are thickened mounds of Granulosa cells that projects into the antrum?
|
Cumulus Oophorus
|
|
What are cells of cumulus oophorus immediately surrounding the oocyte and remain with the oocyte during ovylation?
|
Corna Radiata
|
|
What do Graafian follicle cells do?
|
Send microvilli through the Zona Pellucida to communicate with teh oocyte
|
|
How does the graafian follicle microvilli communicate with the oocyte?
|
Via Gap Junctions
|
|
What does the Mature Follicle contain?
|
aka Graafian Follicle; the mature seconday Oocyte
|
|
During what period does the Thecal Cells become more prominent?
|
Mature/Graafian Follicle Phase
|
|
What follicle type secretes Androgens?
|
Mature/Graafian Follicle cells
|
|
What are Androgens converted into?
|
Estrogens
|
|
What cells convert androgens into estrogen?
|
Granulosa Cells
|
|
Granulosa Cells convert androgens into estrogen in response to what?
|
FSH
|
|
Postmenopausal increase in facial hair is due to a lack of what ?
|
Conversion of androgens to estrogens
|
|
Low estrogen production can be due to low levels of what hormone?
|
Low FSH
|
|
Where does the primary oocyte begin its 1st meiotic division of the embryo?
|
In the Primordial Follicle
|
|
What follicle phase is the 1st meiotic division in the embryo arrested?
|
Primoridal Follicle
|
|
What meiotic phase is the 1st meiotic division arrested in; in the primary oocyte, located in the primoridal folicle? how long?
|
Dipotene stage of prophase; for 12-50 years
|
|
When and where is the 1st meiotic prophase completed?
|
Just before ovulation
In the ovary |
|
Long period of meiotic arrest; may contribute to errors in meiotic division; ie non-disjunction; resulting in trisomies. for example presenting with?
|
Trisomy 21
Down Syndroms |
|
What main structures are within the mature follicle?
|
One secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
|
|
What follicle is the 1st polar body found in?
|
The mature follicle
|
|
How is the Chromatin and the Cytoplasma divided up between the oocyte and the 1st polar body?
|
Equal amount of chromatin
but Secondary Oocyte receives most cytoplasm |
|
what happens as soon as the 1st meiotic division is complete?
|
Secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meiotic division (equatorial division)
|
|
What stage is the 2nd meiotic division arrested in?
|
at metaphase
|
|
What is the state of the oocyte just before ovulation?
|
2nd Meiotic division is in progress; but arrested in metaphase just before ovulation
|
|
When is the 2nd meiotic division completed?
|
Only if the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a spermatozoon; and thus fertilized
|
|
What does penetrating of the spermatozoon cause to occur to the secondary oovyte?
|
Secondary oocyte completes the 2nd meiotic division and forms a Mature Ovum with a set of 23 maternal chromosomes
|
|
When is the 2nd polar body produced?
|
Right after fertilization; as the secondary oocyte completes its 2nd meiotic division
|
|
When does the 1st meiotic division begin and where is it completed? When is it completed?
|
Begins in embroyonic life and is completed in the ovary
Just before ovulation |
|
When does the 2nd meiotic division start and where is it completed?
|
Starts in the ovary and completed in the Uterine Tube
|
|
What happens to the 1st polar body?
|
In humans; undergoes apoptosis
|
|
What are Follicular Atresia?
|
Remaining follicles in the ovary which do not attain maturation
They degenerate and disappear via this process |
|
What mediates the Follicular Atresia process?
|
Apoptosis of Granulosa cells
|
|
Where are Atertic Follicles?
|
follicles that degrade and disappear via a process called Follicular Atresia; shirk and disappear from stroma of ovary
|
|
What is located between the follicle cells and the theca interna?
|
A basement membrane
|
|
What happens to the basement membrane of the Atretic Follicle?
|
Separates and becomes thicker; forming a wavy; hyaline layer
|
|
What is the Glassy Membrane?
|
The basement membrane (located bw the theca interna and the follicle cells) of the Atretic Follicle forms this separated, thicker, wavy, hyaline layer
|
|
Generally; what is Ovulation?
|
combination of hormonal changes & enzymatic effects which are responsible for the actual release of the secondary oocyte
|
|
When does Ovulation occur during the menstrual cycle?
|
In the middle of the cycle
|
|
When does the expulsion of the oocyte occur?
|
At ovulation
|
|
What occurs just before ovulation; facilitating the expulsion of the oocyte?
|
blood flow stops to the small area of cortex overlying the bulging follicle. This area undergoes necrosis; facilitating the expulsion of the oocyte
|
|
What is activation of spermatoza within the female Genital Tract known as?
|
Capacitation
|
|
Where does fertilization normally occur?
|
Ampulla of Uterine Tube
|
|
What must the spermatoza penetrate?
|
Corona Radiata
|
|
After a spermatoza penetrates the corona radiata; what does it gain access to?
|
The Zona Pellucida
|
|
How many sperms attach to the receptors of the Zona Pellucida? What occurs next?
|
Many sperm may attach to the receptors of the Zona Pellucida; but only ONE penetrates it and completes fertilization
|
|
When does fertilization occur; relative to the Zona Pellucida?
|
After one sperm; of the many which are attached to Zona Pellucida; penetrates the Zona Pellucida
|
|
What space does the sperm reach after piercing the Zona Pellucida?
|
The Perivitelline Space
|
|
What occurs when a sperm is in the periviteline space?
|
Fusion of the plasma membrane of the sperm and the oocyte; and its male pronucleus (containing 23 chromosomes) is incorporated into the oocyte
|
|
What does fusion of the two pronucleli result in?
|
A Zygote; with Dipolid 2n and 46 chromosomes
|
|
When does a Zygote under go its first cleavage? What does this mark?
|
1st mitotic division; 1st cleavage; right after two pronucleus fuse
this is now a 2 cell stage and marks the Beginning of Embryonic Development |
|
What is Corpus Luteum?
|
Hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum had been discharged, but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy had begun
|
|
What is the fate of a Follicle after the Ovum is discharged? (After ovulation)
|
develops into Corpus Luteum; collapsed follicle becomes a Corpus Luteum ovulation
|
|
In the development of Corpus Luteum; what is the first thing that happens to the follicle after ovulation?
|
Corpus Hemorrhagicum;
bleeding into the cavity from vessels in the Theca interna |
|
In the development of Corpus Luteum; what happens after Corpus Hemmorrhagicum?
|
CT from stroma invades cavity
|
|
What happens to granulosa and theca cells after ovulation?
|
Dramatic morphological changes;
Luteal Cells increase in size - Fill with lipid droplets => Called Granulosa Lutein Cells and Theca Lutein Cells |
|
What gives Granulosa Lutein Cells and Theca Lutein Cells a yellow color grossly?
|
Lipochrome; a soluble, lipid pigment
|
|
What does Corpus Luteum secrete?
|
Progestrone and Estrogens
|
|
What visual features do Corpus Luteum exhibit?
|
Features of steriod secreting cells
-> Abundant sER & Mitochandria |
|
What does withdraw of Progestrone and Estrogen cause?
|
shedding of the endometrium => Menstruation
|
|
What is the degenerated form of the Corpus Luteum called?
|
Corpus Albicans; white scar
Disappears over a few months |
|
If fertilization occurs; what does the Corpus Luteum develop into?
|
Corpus Luteum of Pregnacy
|
|
What keeps the Corpus Leteum from degenerating and where does it come from?
|
hCG; via the chorion (outermost membrane surrounding an embryo; contributes to the formation of the placenta)
|
|
During what week of pregnancy does the placenta produce sufficient progesterone and estrogen; and at this point, what is the function of Corpus Leteum?
|
6 Weeks and although the placenta produces enough progesterone and estrogen; the Corpus Leteum still persists
|
|
What is the first half of the menstrual cycle called?
|
Follicular Phase
|
|
What is the hormone of the Follicular Phase?
|
Estrogen
|
|
What is the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle called?
|
Luteal Plase
|
|
What is the hormone of the 2nd half of the Menstrual cycle?
|
Progesterone
|
|
What phase is the endometrium in during the Luteal Phase?
|
Secretory Phase
|
|
Relative to hormones; when does menstruation occur?
|
when both hormones are withdrawn from circulation
|
|
What is Stein-Leventhal Syndrome also known as?
|
PCOD; Polycystic Ovarian Disease
|
|
Generally; How does PCOD present?
|
Bilaterally enlarged ovarties with numerous follicular cysts
associated with Oligomenorrhea (infrequent uterine bleeding) sometimes Menorrhagia (abnormal; heavy bleeding at menstration) Infertility Thick Tunica Albuginea |
|
What does Oyster Ovaries describe?
|
In PCOD the tunica albuginea becomes thick and the ovary looks like a small white balloon filled with marbles
|
|
What composes the mucosa of the Uterine Tube?
|
Simple columnar epithelium; with thin longitudinal folds which project into the lumen
|
|
Where are the longitudinal folds of the uterine tube more numerous?
|
More numerous and complex at the Ampulla
|
|
What are the two types of cells int eh uterine tube?
|
Ciliated Cells
Non-Cilliated Cells |
|
Where dose the cillia of the ciliated cells of the uterine tube wave toward?
|
The uterus
|
|
What are "Peg" Cells of the uterine tube?
|
non-cilliated cells of the uterine tube; secretory cells; responsible for nutrition for the ovum
|
|
The epithelium of the uterine tube reacts to hormones in the cycle; but how does the ratio of the ciliated to the "peg" cells change during the hormone changes?
|
Estrogen - Stimulates cilogenesis
Progestrogen - Increases number of secretory cells |
|
What are the sublayers of muscle layer of the uterine tube?
|
Inner thick Circular
Outer thin Longitudinal |
|
After normal fertilization in the Ampulla; what does the Ovum do?
|
remains in the tube for 3 days before it enters the uterine cavity
|
|
What factors can affect the integrity of the tubal transport system; lead to an Ectopic Pregnancy?
|
Inflammation
Use of IUCDs Surgical Manipulation Tubal Ligation |
|
What are the layers of the Uterus?
|
Body & Cervix
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrum |
|
What does the Uterine Artery supply in the Uterus?
|
Stratum Functionale
Stratum Basale |
|
Where are Spiral Arterioles located?
|
Located at the interface between the Stratum Functionale and the Stratum Basale
|
|
What happens to the Spiral Arteries during the menstruation cycle?
|
Degenerate and regenerate as it is under the influence of Estrogen and Progesterone
|
|
In the Uterus; what layer proliferated and degenerated during the menstrual cycle?
|
Stratum Funtionale
|
|
In the Uterus; what layer is retained during menstruation and serves as the source for the regeneration of the Stratum Functionale?
|
Stratum Basale
|
|
What hormone regulates the proliferative phase?
|
Estrogens
|
|
In the proliferative phase of the uterus; regulated by estrogens; 1. What is the thickness of the endometrium, 2. What type of cells line the narrow tubular glands, 3. and what features does the stroma exhibit?
|
In the proliferative phase of the uterus
-Endometrium is ~3mm -The narrow tubular glands are lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mitosis -Stroma is compact and shows proliferative features |
|
What phase of the Uterus does progesterone regulate?
|
Secretory phase
|
|
When does the secretory phase occur?
|
a day or two after ovulation
|
|
What is the thickness of the uterus during the secretory phase
|
5-6mm
|
|
What happens to the glands during the secretory phase of the uterus?
|
Enlarge; corkscrew shape; lumina filled with secretions - Mucoid (rich in nutrients like Glycogens)
|
|
What happens to the Storma during the secretory phase?
|
Increased vasculariry and edma of stroma
|
|
During the secretory phase of the Uterus; if implantation of the stromal cells occurs what is it converted into?
|
Decidual Cells (large, pale cells rich in glycogen
|
|
What phase of the Uterus does mitosis occur?
|
Proliferative phase; rare in secretory phase
|
|
What hormone regulates the Proliferative phase of the uterus?
|
Estrogens
|
|
What is the thickness of the Endometrium during the proliferative phase?
|
3mm
|
|
How are the glands described during the proliferative phase of the uterus?
|
Narrow tubular glands; lined by stratified columnar epithelium
|
|
What is the state of the Stroma during the Proliferative phase of the uterus?
|
Compact and shows proliferative features
|
|
What happens when both hormones are withdrawn?
|
Menstruation
|
|
Generally; what is menstruation?
|
Changes in blood vessels; causes necrosis of endometrium and the endometrium is shed
|
|
What is an Anovulatory Cycle?
|
When ovulation does not occur
|
|
Relative to estrogen and progesterone; what is an Anoculatory Cycle?
|
Endometrium is exposed to unopposed estrogen action; no progestrone thus.. NO secretory phase
|
|
What happens during the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle during an anovulatory cycle?
|
no progestrone, uterus does not go into secretory phase; endometrium appears as Proliferative in the 2nd half of the cycle as well as in the 1st half;
Irregular bleeding may occur Patient may present as infertile |
|
What are the 2 parts of the plancenta?
|
Fetal portion and maternal portion
|
|
What forms the fetal portion of the Placenta?
|
Chorion
-Outermost membrane surrounding an embryo -2 Layers -Choronic Villi emerge to envade endometrium and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood |
|
What forms the maternal portion of the plancenta?
|
Decidua Basalis
-Decidua - Term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnacy; formed under the influence of progesterone |
|
How does exchange of gases and metabolites occur from maternal to fetal blood?
|
maternal blood passes over the surface of the chorionic villi
|
|
What is the Endocervical Canal?
|
another name for the Canal of the Cervix
|
|
What "is" the endocervical canal and what does it lack?
|
Large branched glands what secrete mucus; various types of mucus during different parts of the cycle
Lacks Spiral Arteriorles |
|
What is a Nabothian Cyst?
|
aka Nabothian Follicle; mucus-filled cyst on surface of cervix;
Most often caused when -> stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (toward vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (subdermal pockets) -Can create crypts and trap mucus inside -A type of metaplasia |
|
What is the transformation zone of the Uterine Cervix?
|
Junction between the stratified squamous epithelium (ectovervix) and simple columnar epithelium (endocervix)
|
|
What characterizes the mucosal layer of the vagina?
|
Stratified squamous epithelium
Rugae - numerous transverse folds Non-Keratinised |
|
Generally; where are meissner's and pacinian corpuscles; and free nerve ending present in large numbers on the vagina?
|
External Genitalia
|
|
What are some examples of Ovarian surface epithelial tumors?
|
Serous and Mucinous
Cystadenomas (Ovarian Cyst) Carcinomas - Cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs |
|
What are Germ Cell tumors which can be found in the Ovary?
|
Tertomas
|
|
What is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant?
|
Leiomyoma
|
|
What is a tumor of the muscular and fibrous tissues of the wall of the uterus?
|
Fibroid (Leiomyoma)
|
|
What is cancer of the epithelial tissue of the lining of the Uterus?
|
Endometrial Carcinoma
|
|
What is carcinoma of the squamous cells of the cervix?
|
HPV
|
|
What is a malignant tumor formed from the glandular structures in the epithelial tissue?
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
A mutation in what genes causes breast carcinoma?
|
BRCA1 and BRCA2
|
|
What are 4 non tumorous conditions the uterus can endure?
|
Cervicitis
Endometriosis Ectopic Pregnancy PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) |
|
What are the mammary glands developed from?
|
Milk Lines from axilla to inguinal region
|
|
What type of modified glands are mammary glands and what are they under the influence of?
|
-Modified apocrine sweat glands
-Under direct influence of sex hormones |
|
What do the glands open up into?
|
a Lactriferous duct; at nipple
|
|
What type of cells make up the Lactiferous Sinus?
|
Near the openings; it is lined with stratitfied squanous epithelium and the rest of it is cuboidal with a basal lamina
|
|
What is located between the epithelium and the basal lamina in mammary glands?
|
Myoepithelial cells
|
|
What are the components of milk; secreted from the mammary glands?
|
Merocrine (Protein Component)
Apocrine (Fatty or Lipid Compoent) |
|
What are the steps of the hormonal control of lactation?
|
Hypothalamus -> signal to Pituitary -> Ant Pituitary secretes Prolactin -> Oxytocin makes myoepithelial cells contract and ejects milk from acini and ducts
|
|
Where does Oxytocin come from?
|
neurohypophysis
|
|
What does high levels of serum prolactin cause?
|
Lactational Amenorrhea (a method of avoiding pregnancies)
Suppresses secretion of LH thus; no ovulation |