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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 Major groups of CNS Cells
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Neurons and Neuroglia (glial Cells)
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What are the three parts of a CNS cell
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• 1) Dendrites: receptive field
• 2) Cell body: • 3) Axon: |
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Nissl bodies are found where?
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(RER) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Neurons synthesize:
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1) Mb proteins
2) neurotransmitters |
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Do neurons need glucose?
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Yes, they run on ATP no glucose storage.
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Classification of neurons based on?
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Structure: #of processes and
Funtional |
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1) multipolar neurons:
neurons |
1 axon multiple dendrites.
• Ex. Motor neurons |
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2) bipolar neurons:
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1 axon and 1 dendrite
ex. special sensory neurons. |
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Pseudounipolar
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ex. general sensory neurons
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Funtional Classification is....
1) sensory neurons 2) interneuron’s 3) motor neurons |
1.(afferent)
2.(association neurons) 3.(efferent) |
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Neuroglia: Describe them...
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4 types ½ wt of CNS
10 X more glial cells than neurons mitosis support |
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Which CNS are the support cells of the CNS
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Neuroglia
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1. Oligodendrocytes: most common glial cells in white matter, make the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS
2. Astrocystes- in gray and white matter a) protoplasmic astrocytes- blood brain barrier, maintaining enviroment around neurons b) fibrous astrocytes- structural support for neurons 3. Microglia- macrophages of CNS 4. Ependymal cells- Ciliated line ventricles of brain ** CSF cerebrospinal fluid |
Oligodendrocytes:Astrocystes,Microglia,
Ependymal cells |
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Oligodendrocytes:
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most common glial cells in white matter, make the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS
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Astrocystes-
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in gray and white matter
a) protoplasmic astrocytes- blood brain barrier, maintaining enviroment around neurons b) fibrous astrocytes- structural support for neurons |
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Microglia-
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macrophages of CNS
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Ependymal cells
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Ciliated line ventricles of brain
** CSF cerebrospinal fluid |
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Nuclei are found in what matter?
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Gray matter
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White matter in the CNS consists of what?
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Myelinated axons are found in the white matter?
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PNS: Peripheral nerve has five parts, what are they? Be able to label them on a picture
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1) Axon
2) Schwann cells 3) endoneurium 4) perineurium 5) epineurium |
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Muscle tissue consist of what three things:
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Muscle fibers (cells), connective coverings + contractile proteins
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Types of muscle tissue: (contractibility)
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1) skeletal ms
2) smooth ms 3) cardiac ms |
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Smooth (Visceral) Ms
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- continuous contraction of relatively low force, no striations, layers or sheets of muscle tissue, does not fatique easily
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Smooth (Visceral) Ms cont....
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*** alternating contraction of inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
→ found in walls of blood vessels and walls of viscera |
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Name some features of CARDIAC MUSCLE...
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(85-100um)
1) found in myocardium of heart 2) branched fibers 3) striated 4) central nucleus 5) intercalated discs 6) involuntary control |
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Does cardiac muscle have a central nucleus?
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Yes
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Does cardiac muscle have striations and intercalated disks, and is the control voluntary or involuntary
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Yes it has striations, Yes it has intercalated disks for conduction and it is involunatry control (you don't choose to contract your heart muscle dummy!)
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**skeletal muscle- Do myoblast combine and do not keep boundaries?
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Yes, the myoblasts combine in skeletal muscle and no boundaries are kept in skeletal muscle
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What about the myoblast in cardiac muscle? Do they keep boundaries
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cardiac muscle keep myoblast boundaries.
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What is the longest muscle in the body?
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** Sartorious- longest muscle in body
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Skeletal Muscle: Are they one nucleus or multi nuceate, if so where are there nucleus found? What about striations?
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Skeletal Muscle
1) Multi nucleated- cells moves to edges 2) striated |
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Cardiac Muscle
What are Purkinje fibers? |
Purkinje fibers are modified cardiac ms fibers. Larger, pale stain→ glycogen storage: end of conduction fibers of the heart.
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Look at a typical bundle of muscle fibers and know terms like ....
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Fascicle, Muscle Fiber, Muscle Tissue, Endomysium, Perimysium, ....
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What does the endomysium do?
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encapsulates muscle fibers
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Describe the order starting with Muscles. How is it broke down to Myofilaments?
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Muscles→muscle fibers→ myofibrils→ myofilaments (actin+myosin)--
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Myofibrils could also be described as what?
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chains of sarcomeres
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Define Sarcomere
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contractile unit of skeletal muscle (2.5um)
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Is myosin thin or thick?
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thick filament
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actin is ....
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thin filament
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Where is the Motor end plate @
Small 6-10ms fibers/ axon |
neuromuscular junction
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What is a Motor unit-
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a motor neuron and all ms fibers and all ms fibers it supplies
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Upper esophagus has what type of muscle?
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skeletal muscle
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What % of total blood cells are white
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1%
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Of That One percent for total white, what is the percentage for Neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil
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Neutrophil=60-70% of 1%
Basophil=Less than 1% of 1% Eosinophil=2-4% of 1% |
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White Blood Cells are also called?
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Leukocyte (Leuko means white and cyte = Cell)
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Give Three examples of Granulocytes
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
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Give two examples of Agranulocytes
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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Most Common Leukocyte
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Neutrophil
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Neutrophils (granulocyte)
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60-70% of white blood cells, 2 types of granules, 3-5 lobes in nucleus, for phagocytosis, and first line of defense with acute bacterial infections, rapid onset of infection
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Eosinophils(granulocyte)
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2-4 of 1%, 2-3 lobes in nucleus and have red /orange granules, for phagocytosis of antigens, for allergic and parasitic reactions
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Basophils(granulocyte)
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less than 1% of 1%, irregular nucleus, dark violet granules, act like a mast cell,
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Agranulocyte
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no granules in cytoplasm, have round or indented nucleus, and there are two types (lympocytes and monocytes)
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Lymphocytes
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work in immunity, 20-25 of 1%, have a nucleus, where the tcells and bcells are made
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tcells
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80% of lymphocytes
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bcells
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20% of lymphocytes
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monocytes
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5-8% , large cell, leave the blood and are tissue macrophages, involved in phagocytosis, have indented nucleus, and much larger than red blood cells around them
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Lymphocytes are found in ...
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blood, loose ct, encapsulated clusters, spleen, lymph nodes and thymus and in unecapsulated clusters (malt,galt adn balt) Mucosa, gut, and bronchial
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Lymph Node Components
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Capsule, subscapsular sinus, stroma (reticular tissue), cortex and medulla
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Cortex
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lymphatic nodule and cortical sinuses
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Medulla
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medullary cord and medullary sinuses
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Germinal Center
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for maturation of blympocytes
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Describe the pathway through the lymph nodes
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lymph to afferent lymph vessel to subcapsular sinus to cortical sinus to medullary sinus (for filtatration of lymph) to efferent lymph vessel
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Where do we find lymphocytes
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Blood, Loose connective tiisue, in enscapsulated clusters (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus)uncapsulated clusters (malt,galt, balt)
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Malt=
Galt= Balt= |
Malt=Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
Galt=Gut" " " Balt=Bronchial" " " |
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Encapsulated Clusters where you would find Lymphocytes
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Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus but remember they are encapsulated clusters
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Lymph Node
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Capsule, subscapsular sinus, stroma=reticular tissue, cortex ( lymphatic nodule and cortical sinuses) and medulla (medullary cord and medullary sinuses
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What is the purpose of the germinal center
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involved in the maturation of blymphocytes
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What is the flow through the lymph node?
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lymph...afferent lymph vessel...subcapsular sinus....cortical sinus...medullary sinus(for filtration of lymph)....efferent lymph vessel
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Spleen
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Is like a bloody sponge
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Trabecula of Spleen
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1.reinforces the internal structure or stroma of spleen.
2. Carries blood vessels of splenic pulp 3. main difference between spleen and lymph node is organized and where is the spleen is randomly placed |
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White Pulp
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1. Lymphatic nodules
2. PALS (Peri arterial lymphatic sheath) is a sheath of tlymphocytes |
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Red Pulp
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!. Splenic Cords, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, blood cells
2. Splenic Sinusoids (macrophages) (capillaries) |
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Spleen Cont
Spleen |
Largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body
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Function or purpose of the spleen
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The spleen is for antibody formation and secondary purpose is for disposal of defective blood cells
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Structure of the spleen that makes it unique
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Open and Closed system
1. Fibrous Capsule 2. Trabeculae of the Spleen 3. No Cortex or medulla 4. Stroma 5. perenchyma=splenic pulp (red and white) (consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, macrophages and blood vessels within a meshwork of reticular fiber |
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White Pulp of the spleen
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Lymphoid tissue of the spleen (20% of mass of spleen)
1. Lymphoid nodules or follicles (densely populated with bcells) (blymphocytes are a precursor to plasma cells 2. Periarterial Lymphatic sheaths PALS -which are densely populated with t cells and the sheaths surround s branches of the trabecular artery known as the central artery 2. |
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Red Pulp of the Spleen
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Two major components
1. Red Pulp Cords-is a celllular meshwork consisting of irregular strands of reticular tissue 2. Splenic Sinusoids-lined with macrophages, multi fenestrations, and have discontiunous basement membrane |
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Red Pulp of Spleen has two parts, what are they
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Red Pulp cords and Splenic Sinusoids
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Hemoglobin is degraded into three components
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Globin (amino acids hydrolyzed)
Hemi (converted to bilirubin, conjugated in the liver, and excreted in the bile in the feces Iron-transported by plasma to the bone marrow for reuse in RBC development |
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Effects of Splenectomy
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1. changes in blood
2. Infection risks |
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Changes in blood following splenectomy
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A. increased number of platelets
B. increased number of abnormal red blood cells with odd shapes C. aged red blood cells contain particulate degenerate cell material (Howell Jolly bodies) D. These components would normally be removed in teh red pulp of the spleen |
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Infection risks with Splenectomy
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Patients are at risk for life threatening bacterial infections, with the most dangerous bacterial being prevalent is Streptococcous Pneumonia
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Why is the patient without a spleen at such great risk
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Normally, the presence of the Strept. Pneumo would cause an immune response, but no spleen, no immune response
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Where do you filter out the old RBC's and platelets
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Splenic Sinusoid
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What has a large indented nucleus
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Monocyte
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What are the platelets involved in
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Blood Clotting
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Lymph Nodes have two main components
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outer cortex and inner medullar
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Lymphoctes
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20-25%, for immunity broken down into tlymphocytes -80%
& blymphocytes 20% |
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Monocytes
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Are tissue Macrophages, about 18um adn leave blood to engulf and involved in phagocytosis
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Platelets
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2-4um, cosist of cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (cells in bone marrow) and are involved in blood clotting
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agranulocytes consist of
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lymphocytes and monocytes and no granules adn round or indented nucleus
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Three layers of blood vessel wall (artery or vein)
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Tunica Intima
Tunica Media Tunica Advanticia |
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Tunica intima
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simple squamas epithelium and rests on a basement membrane and it is endothelium
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Tunica Media
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Elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and it is the largest layer in arteries
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Tunica Advanticia
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Loose connective tissue made out of collagen fibers and elastic fibers. It is the thickest layer in the veins
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Vaso Vasorum
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is a network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels and veins with their blood supply
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What makes up the cardiovascular system
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heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
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What makes up the lymphatic system
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Lymphatic Capillaries, Lymphatic vessels and trunks, lymph, lymphoid organs
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Lymphatic system is one way system
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but, the circulatory system is two way system
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In the tunical adventitia there is a layer of loose ct that consists of two types of fibers. What are they?
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Collagen Fibers adn elastic fibers
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Arteries-Large and consists of what
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Aorta 20-25mm,
tunica intima-endothelium t media-elastic tissue and smooth ms and t. adventitita-outer ct layer |
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Arteries -medium size
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2-10 mm
the t. media -circular layers of smooth ms, tadv (same as above) |
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Small arteries
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.1mm
t intima, tmedia has 1-5 layes of smooth muscle, t adv-very thin |
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Capillaries
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6-10um (rbc is 6-8 um, so that means it can be a tight squeeze), length is .25-1.0 mm and there is 60k miles worth of caps in the body
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3 Types of Capillaries in Body
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Continuous or somatic capillaries
fenestrated or visceral capillaries a. w/diaphrams b. wo diaphrams 3. sinusoids (big capillaries) 30-40um |
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Sinusoids
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Ex found in liver
30-40 um full of turns (tortuous multiple fenestrations discontinuous bas mb lined with macrophages |
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Heart and Artery
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endocardium
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3 Heart Layers (the tunics)
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Endocardium-Lining-Tunica intima
Myocardium-ms layer-tunica media(smooth ms) Epicardium-outer ct-tunica adventitia |
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endocardium
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has subendocardial ct and purkinji fibers
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myocardium
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cardiac muscle, subepicardial ct and coronary vessels
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blood
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men have 5-6 liters adn women have 4-5
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Blood components
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55% plasma and 45% formed elements (cells and platelets) 44% is rbc, 1%white blood cells)
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Where is the RBC adn WBC made in the body 2 wks postnatal
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in the spleen and liver, but in children and adults, there are made in the bone marrow
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Origin of all circulating blood cells
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Pleuripotential Hemopoitetic stem cells, found in the bone marrow, and decrease with age
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2 Types of Pleuriopotential hemopoietic stem cells
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Prolymphocyte
a. blymphocyte and tlymphocyte Trilineage stem cell broken into three parts 1 a. erythocytes b. megakaryocytes 2. a. monocytes b.neutrophils c. eosinophils d. basophils |
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RBC's are also called
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Erythrocytes
They carry O2 to tissues, are non nucleated, biconcave disks and have lifespan of 90-120 days, then go to spleen to be consume |
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Reticulocyte
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about 1% of all circulating erythrocytes and completes Hb syntheses
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Erythropoietin
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Hormone that stimulates RBC development, this hormone is made 80-90% in kidney adn 10-20% in the liver
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RBC Development
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Pleuropotential Cell, Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatophilic, orthochromatophilic, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
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Flow of blood ......
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artery....arteriole.....cap....venule....medium vein and large vein
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Largest vein
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inferior vena cava
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veins2-1.0mm
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far from heart, little pressure, smallest .
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What capillary have fenestations
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post capillary venules
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Describe medium veins
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1-9mm, 3 tunics, found in extremities, and contain valves
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Describe large veins
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svc, ivc, (largest vein in body), ivc-
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