Histology

Front 1

What is the anatomy of an artery?

Back 1

Outside --> Inside
Tunica externa --> Tunica media --> Tunica interna

Front 2

What is the anatomy of a vein?

Back 2

Outside --> Inside
Tunica externa --> Tunica media --> Tunica interna

Front 3

What is the anatomy of a capillary?

Back 3

The walls of capillaries are composed of only a single layer of cells, the endothelium. The capillary is also enclosed by the basement membrane.

Front 4

Name the different types of tissues

Back 4

Muscle
Connective
Epithelial
Nervous

Front 5

Name the functions of epithelial tissues.

Back 5

Protection
Covers organ
Secretion
Lubrication
Absorption
Excretion
Controls passage of substances

Front 6

List all the cell junctions.

Back 6

Desmosomes (Macula Adherens)
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)
Intermediate Junctions (Adherens Junctions or Zonula Adherens)
Gap Junctions
Adherens Junctions

Intercellular Canaliculi

Front 7

Describe a goblet cell.

Back 7

Goblet cells are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion.

Front 8

What are the modes of secretions?

Back 8

Apocrine
Holocrine
Merocrine

Front 9

What are the functions of connective tissues?

Back 9

1. Support.
2. Lipid storage.
3. Binding body parts together.
4. Connects muscle to bone and bone to bone.
5. Facilitates or restricts movement between bones (Articulation structures).
6. Phagocytosis and immune responses (Monocytes and lymphocytes).
7. Transport of oxygen (Hemoglobin of red blood corpuscles).
8. Mending of damaged tissue with collagen (Scar tissue).

Front 10

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

Back 10

1. Embryonic (Mesenchyme).
2. Connective tissue proper (Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers).
3. Cartilage - Chondrocytes and semisolid matrix.
4. Bones - Osteocytes and mineralized matrix.
5. Vascular - Hemocytes and plasma

Front 11

What is mesenchyme?

Back 11

-Embryonic connective tissue.
Consists of loosely-packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous extracellular matrix
-Develops into other types of tissues: connective, bone, cartilage
-Develops into other types of structures and systems: blood cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, circulatory system, lymphatic system.
-All organs in the body contain mesenchyme.

Front 12

Name the kinds of connective tissue proper.

Back 12

1. Areolar (loose) – e.G., Superficial fascia, binding and packing agent, supports vessels.
Functions: holds organs and epithelia in place, and has a variety of proteinaceous fibres, including collagen and elastin.
Adipose – e.G., In superficial fascia -- fibroblasts become modified for fat storage
Functions: fat storage, insulation, secondary sex characteristics, organ support
Dense fibrous – e.G., Tendons & ligaments. Fibroblasts surrounded by extensive collagen or elastic fibers
Reticular – fibroblasts with branching fibers – supports phagocytes of liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

Front 13

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

Back 13

Characteristic – Chondrocytes, semisolid protein matrix, lacunae, and non-vascular.
Elastic and resilient supportive substance.
Precursor for skeleton formation during development.
Covers articular surfaces.
Avascular.
Covered by perichondrium.

Front 14

Name the types of cartilage.

Back 14

Hyaline cartilage:
Chondrocytes + hyaline matrix
Fibrocartilage:
Chondrocytes + matrix + collagen
Elastic cartilage:
Chondrocytes + matrix + elastin

Front 15

What makes up the Haversion system?

Back 15

Lacunae, canaliculi, lamellae, haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals.

Front 16

What are the functions of blood?

Back 16

Circulation and transport.
Immune.
Phagocytosis.
Thermoregulation.

Front 17

Name the different types of blood cells.

Back 17

Erythrocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes.

Front 18

What is the definition of amitotic? Give an example of an amitotic cell.

Back 18

Direct cell division by simple cleavage of the nucleus, without spindle formation or the appearance of chromosomes.
Ex: Muscle.

Front 19

General features of connective tissue.

Back 19

Most abundant and widely distributed.
It consists of two basic elements 1. CELLS and 2. MATRIX.
MATRIX consists of fibers and ground substance fills the space between cells and fibers. The matrix may be fuild, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified.
Highly VASCULAR except CARTILAGE - AVASCULAR and TENDONS - LITTLE BLOOD.
CARTILAGE lacks NERVES.

Front 20

Components of connective.

Back 20

Fibroblasts.
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Adipocytes
White blood cells

Front 21

Components of Connective Tissue.

Back 21

GROUND SUBSTANCE
COLLAGEN FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS

Front 22

List the Loose Connective Tissue

Back 22

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Front 23

List the Dense Connective Tissues

Back 23

Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue

Front 24

List the types of cartilage

Back 24

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Front 25

What is mesenchyme consisted of?

Back 25

Irregularly shaped cells
Semifluid ground substance
Delicate reticular fibers

Front 26

What does mucous connective tissue (Wharton's Jelly) consist of and where is it found?

Back 26

It is primarily found in the umbilical cord of the fetus.
It consists of:
Scattered fibroblasts embedded in a viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers.

Front 27

What are the different types of mature connective tissue?

Back 27

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood tissue
Lymph

Front 28

Where does connective tissue arise?

Back 28

From mesenchyme.

Front 29

Describe loose connective tissue.

Back 29

Loosely woven fibers with many cells present.

Front 30

Describe areolar connective tissue.

Back 30

Consists of fibers:
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Several cells:
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Adipocytes
Mast cells

Front 31

What is the subcutaneous layer? What makes up the subcutaneous layer?

Back 31

The layer of tissue that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
Adipose tissue and Areolar connective tissue.

Front 32

Describe adipose tissue.

Back 32

Derived from fibroblasts. Consists of adipocytes that store triglycerides. The nuclei and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery of the cell.

Front 33

Describe fibroblasts.

Back 33

They are large, flat spindle-shaped cells with branching processes.
Present in all connective tissue.
Migrate through connective tissues and secrete fibers and ground substance.

Front 34

Where are areolar connective tissues found?

Back 34

Superficial fascia.
Subcutaneous layer deep to skin.
Papillary region of dermis of skin.
Lamina propria of mucous membranes.
Around blood vessels, nerves and body organs.
Always with adipose tissue

Front 35

Where are adipose tissues found?

Back 35

Superficial fascia.
Always with areolar tissue.
Subcutaneous layer deep to skin.
Papillary region of dermis of skin.
Lamina propria of mucous membranes.
Around blood vessels, nerves and body organs.

Front 36

Describe reticular connective tissue.

Back 36

Consists of a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells.

Front 37

Where is reticular tissue found?

Back 37

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red blood marrow, reticular lamina of basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles.

Front 38

Describe dense connective tissue.

Back 38

They have thicker, more dense fibers compared to loose connective tissue, but fewer cells.
Consists of:
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

Front 39

Describe dense regular connective tissue.

Back 39

Matrix looks shiny white, and consists of collagen fibers arranged in bundles. Fibroblasts are found in rows between bundles.

Front 40

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Back 40

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses (Sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone).

Front 41

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

Back 41

Forms the stroma of organs.
Binds together smooth muscle tissue cells.

Front 42

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

Back 42

Provides strong attachment between various structures.

Front 43

Describe dense irregular tissue.

Back 43

Consists of collagen fibers irregularly arranged and a few fibroblasts.

Front 44

Where are dense irregular tissues found?

Back 44

Fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs)
Dermis.
Heart valves
Periosteum of bone and cartilage.

Front 45

What is the function of irregular connective tissue?

Back 45

Provides strength.

Front 46

Describe cartilage.

Back 46

Consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate (component of ground substance).
It can withstand more stress than loose or dense tissue. The strength is due to collagen but the resilience is due to chondroitin sulfate.
Most cartilage is covered by a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium.

Front 47

Is cartilage vascular?

Back 47

No, except in perichondrium.

Front 48

What is the name of mature cartilage? And where are they found?

Back 48

Chondrocytes. They are found in lacunae singly or in groups.

Front 49

Describe hyaline cartilage.

Back 49

Most abundant cartilage.
Consists of bluish-white ground substance with fine collagen fibers.
Many chondrocytes.
Weakest of 3 cartilages.

Front 50

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 50

Ends of long bones.
Anterior ends of ribs.
Nose.
Parts of the larynx.
Trachea.
Bronchi.
Bronchial tubes.
Embryonic and fetal skeleton.

Front 51

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Back 51

Provides smooth surface for movement at joints.
Flexibility and support.

Front 52

Which type(s) of cartilage are surrounded by perichondrium?

Back 52

Elastic and hyaline.

Front 53

Describe fibrocartilage.

Back 53

Strongest of the three.
Chondrocytes scattered.
Bundles of collagen fibers within matrix.

Front 54

Location of fibrocartilage.

Back 54

Pubic symphysis.
Intervertebral discs.
Menisci.

Front 55

Function of fibrocartilage

Back 55

Support and fusion.

Front 56

Describe elastic cartilage.

Back 56

Chondrocytes contained within a threadlike network of elastic fibers within matrix.
Perichondrium present.

Front 57

Location of elastic cartilage.

Back 57

Auricle (External ear).
Auditory tubes (Eustachian)
Epiglottis.

Front 58

Function of elastic cartilage.

Back 58

Supoort and maintains shape.

Front 59

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

Back 59

Osteon or Haversian system.

Front 60

What makes up an osteon or Haversian system?

Back 60

Lamellae.
Lacunae.
Canaliculi.
Central (Haversian) canal.

Front 61

What are the two types of bone?

Back 61

Spongy and compact.