Histology-Male Reproductive System

Front 1

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:

Back 1

testes

genital ducts

accessory glands

penis

Front 2

WHAT IS THE DUAL FUNCTION OF TESTIS?

Back 2

to produce

1. hormones - TESTOSTERONE (metabolite: dihydrotestosterone)

2. spermatozoa

Front 3

TESTOSTERONE - function

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1. spermatogenesis

2. sexual differentiation during embryonic and fetal development

3. control of GONADOTROPIN secretion

Front 4

GENITAL DUCTS AND ACCESSORY Glands (SEMEN)

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1. produce secretions aided by smooth muscle contraction

2. secretions to propel spermatozoa toward the exterior

3. secretions that provide nutrients for spermatozoa

Front 5

HOW WILL THE SEMEN INTRODUCED INTO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?

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through the PENIS

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IT IS A THICK CAPSULE OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS EACH TESTIS

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tunica albuginea

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THE TUNICA ALBUGINEA IS THICKENED ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TESTIS TO FORM ________________

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mediastinum testis

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TESTICULAR LOBULES

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occupied by: 1-4 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (rich in LEYDIG / INTERSTITIAL CELLS)

*LEYDIG CELLS -secrete testicular androgens

Front 9

IT IS SEROUS SAC THAT IS DERIVED FROM THE PERIOSTEUM AND ALSO CONSISTS OF AN OUTER PARIETAL LAYER AND INNER VISCERAL LAYER COVERING TUNICA ALBUGINEA ON THE ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SIDES OF THE TESTIS:

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Tunica Vaginalis

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IT HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING THE TESTEST AT TEMPERATURE LOWER THAN THE ABDOMINAL TEMPERATURE:

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scrotum

Front 11

THE SPERMATOZOIDS ARE PRODUCED IN THE:

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Seminiferous tubule

*each testicle - 250-1000 seminiferous tubules

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EACH SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE IS LINED WITH:

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complex stratified epithelium

Front 13

IT CONNECTS THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES TO AN ANASTOMISING LABYRINTH OF EPITHELIUM - LINES CHANNELS (RETE TESTIS)

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Tubuli recti / straight tubules

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IT CONNECTS THE RETE TESTIS TO THE CEPHALIC PORTION OF THE EPIDIDYMIS

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ductuli efferentes

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PRODUCTION OF SPERMATOZOA or FORMATION OF SPERMATOZOIDS

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spermatogenesis

*SPERMATOGONIUM - primitive germ cell ---------> MITOSIS

*TWO PATHS:

1. TYPE A

2. TYPE B - will differentiate into PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

*PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage; 46 chromosomes; 4N of DNA) --------> prophase (22 days)

*SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES (23 chrom and 2N of DNA; short-lived cells that remain in interphase)

*TWO SPERMATIDS - with 23 chrom on each cell

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FINAL DIFFERENTITIATION OF SPERMATOZOIDS / IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH SPERMATIDS TRANSFORM INTO SPERMATOZOA

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spermiogenesis

*involves the formation of ACROSOME, condensation and elongation of the nucleus and development of flagellum and loss of much of the cytoplasm

Front 17

TWO CELL TYPES IN SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM

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1. sertoli / supporting cells

2. cells that constitute SPERMATOGENIC LINEAGE - Stacked in 4-8 layers

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SPERMATOGENIC LINEAGE function

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produce SPERMATOZOA

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IT IS THE CELL WHICH ARE HIGHLY SPECIALIZED TO DELIVER MALE DNA TO THE OVUM

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spermatozoa

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THE MATURE SPERMATOZOA IS RELEASED INTO:

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lumen of the seminiferous tubule

Front 21

WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENT PHASES OF SPERMIOGENESIS?

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1. GOLGI PHASE

2. ACROSOMAL PHASE

3. MATURATION PHASE

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WHAT IS THE BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF SPERMATOZOON?

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head

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CONSISTS OF PRIMARILY OF CONDENSED NUCLEAR CHROMATIN

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head

Front 24

THE ACROSOME CONTAINS OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES:

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hyluronidase

neuraminidase

acid phosphatase

protease

*all have trypsin like activity

*these enzymes will dissociate cells of CORONA RADIATA and digest the ZONA PELLUCIDA

Front 25

IT IS SERVE AS A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF LYSOSOME

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acrosome

Front 26

IT IS ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS OF FERTILIZATION IN WHICH THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF ACROSOME FUSES WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF SPERMATOZOON LIBERATING THE ACROSOMAL ENZYMES TO THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE

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ACROSOMAL reaction

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GOLGI PHASE

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- cytoplasm: PROMINENT GOLGI COMPLEX

- proacrosomal granules (PAS- positive granules)

-centrioles: migrate to a position near the cell surface and opposite the forming acrosome

-flagella axoneme: begins to form

-centrioles: migrate toward the nucleus, spinning out the axonemal components as they move.

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ACROSOMAL PHASE

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-ACROSOMAL vesicle and granule: spread to cover the anterior half of the condensing nucleus (ACROSOME)

-ACROSOMAL REACTION

-nucleus: becomes oriented toward the base of the seminiferous tubule; condensed and elongated

-axoneme: projects into the lumen

-centrioles: grows concomitantly (FLAGELLUM)

-mitochondria: aggregate around the proximal part of the flagellum (MIDDLE PIECE)

Front 29

IT IS THE REGION WHERE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SPERMATOZOA ARE GENERATED

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middle piece

Front 30

THE MOVEMENT OF FLAGELLUM IS THE RESULT OF:

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interaction among:

1. microtubules

2. ATP

3. DYNEIN - protein with ATPase activity

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MATURATION PHASE

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-RESIDUAL CYTOPLASM: shed and phagocytized by sertoli cells and spermatozoa are released into the lumen of the tubule

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IT IS PRODUCED BY THE SERTOLI CELLS AND RETE TESTIC THAT CONTAINS STEROIDS, PROTEINS, IONS AND ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH TESTOSTERONE

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testicular fluid

Front 33

THE ADJACENT SERTOLI CELLS ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY OCCLUDING JUNCTION AT THE BASOLATERAL PART OF THE CELL, FORMING:

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blood-testis barrier

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FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS

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1. support, protection and nutritional regulation of the developing spermatozoa

2. phagocytosis

3. secretion of ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN and INHIBIN

*INHIBIN - suppress hthe release of FSH

4. convert the TESTOSTERONE ------> ESTRADIOL

5. production of anti-mullerian hormone /mullerian - inhibiting hormone

6. the BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER - in which the spermatogenia have free access to materials found in blood. The more advanced stages of spermatogenesis are protected from blood borne products protecting male germ cells against blood-borne noxious agents

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THE SPERMATOGENESIS DEPENDS ON THE ACTION OF:

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FSH

LH

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LUTEINIZING HORMONE

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acts on INTERSTITIAL CELLS, stimulating the production of testosterone necessary for normal development of cells of spermatogenic lineage.

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FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE

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target: SERTOLI CELL

- stimulates the ADENYLATE CYCLASE and increasing the presence of cAMP

- promotes the synthesis and secretion of ANDROGEN - BINDING PROTEIN

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THIS PROTEIN COMBINES WITH TESTOSTERONE AND TRANSPORTS IT INTO THE LUMEN OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES.

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ANDROGEN - BINDING PROTEIN

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SPERMATOGENESIS

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stimulated: TESTOSTERONE

inhibited: ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONES

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THIS FACTOR IS VERY IMPORTANT IN THE REGULATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS

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temperature

*testicular temp - 35 deg C

Front 41

THIS VENOUS PLEXUS SURROUNDS EACH TESTICULAR ARTERY AND FORMS THE COUNTERCURRENT HEAT -EXCHANGE SYSTEM THAT IS IMPORTANT IN MAINTAINING THE TESTICULAR TEMPERATURE

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pampiniform plexus

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WHAT IS THE EFFECT WHEN THE SWEAT EVAPORATES FROM THE SCROTUM?

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heat loss (Inc temp)

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WHAT HAPPENED WHEN THE CREMATER MUSCLE CONTRACTS?

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it will pull the testes into the inguinal canals (Inc temp)

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THIS IS AN IMPORTANT SITE OF OF PRODUCTION OF ANDROGENS

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interstitial tissue of the testis

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TESTICULAR CAPILLARIES

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- fenestrated, permits free passage of macromolecules such as blood proteins

Front 46

CELLS THAT PRODUCE MALE HORMONE , TESTOSTERONE

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LEYDIG cells / INTERSTITIAL CELL

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RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY MALE CHARACTERISTICS AND IT IS SYNTHESIZED BY ENZYMES PRESENT IN MITOCHONDRIA AND SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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testosterone

Front 48

TAKE NOTE:

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During the human pregnancy, PLACENTAL GONADOTROPIC HORMONE passes from the maternal blood to the male fetus, stimulating the abundant fetal testicular interstitial cells that produce androgenic hormones.

The presence of these hormones is required for the EMBRYONIC DIFFERENTIATION OF MALE GENITALIA.

Front 49

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT INTRATESTICULAR GENITAL DUCTS?

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1. tubuli recti

2. rete testis

3. ductuli efferentes

*these ducts carry SPERMATOZOA and liquid from the seminiferous tubules to the ductus epididymis

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TUBULI Recti and RETE TESTIS

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cuboidal epithelium

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IT TRANSPORT THE SPERMATOZOA PRODUCED IN THE TESTIS TOWARD THE PENILE URETHRA

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excretory genital ducts

1. ductus epididymis

2. ductus / vas deferens

3. urethra

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DUCTUS EPIDIDYMIS

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LE: PCE (participates uin the uptake and digestion of residual bodies that are eliminated during spermatogenesis)

Cells: rounded basal and columnar cells

-covered by STEREOCILIA

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VAS / DUCTUS DEFERENS

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LE: PCE with STEREOCILIA

-the abundant Smooth M. produces strong peristaltic contractions that participate in the expulsion of the spermatozoa during ejaculation.

Front 54

SPERMATIC CORD is consist of:

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1. Testicular artery

2. pampiniform plexus

3. nerves

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THESE GLANDS PRODUCE SECRETIONS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN MEN

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-accessory genital glands

1. seminal vesicles

2. prostate gland

3. bulbourethral gland

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SEMINAL Vesicle (70 %)

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LE: cuboidal / PCE rich secretory granules

-are Not reservoir for spermatozoa

-function: Produce a VISCID, yellowish secretion that contains spermatozoa - activating substances:

1. FRUCTOSE

2. CITRATE

3. INOSITOL

4. PROSTAGLANDIN

Front 57

THIS CHO (monosaccharide) IS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR SPERM MOTILITY

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fructose

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PROSTATE GLAND

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-LE: cuboidal / PCE

- collection of 30 - 50 branched tubuloalveolar glands

- ducts: empty into PROSTATIC URETHRA

- THREE DISTINCT ZONES;

1. CENTRAL ZONES

2. PERIPHERAL ZONES

3. TRANSITION ZONES

-func: produce PROSTATIC FLUID and store it for expulsion during ejaculation

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THIS ZONE IN THE PROSTATE GLAND IS THE MAJOR SITE OF PROSTATIC CANCER

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peripheral zone

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THIS ZONE IN THE PROSTATE GLAND IS THE SITE WHERE MOST BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA ORIGINATES

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Transition Zone

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BULBOURETHRAL / COWPER'S GLAND

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LE: simple cuboidal epithelium

composed of skeletal and smooth muscle

-funct: secreted MUCUS is clear and acts as lubricant

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WHAT ARE THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF PENIS

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1. 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue - CORPORA CAVERNOSA OF THE PENIS, CORPORA CAVERNOSUMN OF THE URETHRA / CORPORA SPONGIOSUM

2. URETHRA - lined by PCE

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LE OF GLANS PENIS

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stratified squamous E.

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THE CORPORA CAVERNOSA IS COVERED BY:

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tunica albuginea

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THE ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPLLY OF PENIS DERIVES FROM:

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internal pudendal arteries

*give rise to the DEEP ARTERIES and DORSAL ARTERIES OF THE PENIS

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IT SUPPLY OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO THE TRABECULAE

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nutrient arteries (branch of deep artery)

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PENILE ERECTION

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- it is a HEMODYNAMIC EVENT that is controlled by NEURAL INPUT to both ARTERIAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE in the walls of the vascular spaces in the penis

-occurs when VASODILATOR IMPULSES of parasympathetic origin cause RELAXATION OF PENILE VESSELS and CAVERNOUS SMOOTH MUSCLE

*FLACCID STATE = minimal blood flow

*NON-ERECT STATE

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THE NON-ERECT STATE IS MAINTAINED BY:

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1. intrinsic tone of penile smooth muscle

2. tone induced by continuous sympathetic input

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CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF CORPORA CAVERNOSA DEPENDS ON:

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intracellular CALCIUM (modulated by GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATASE)

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STUDY THE DIFFERENT MEDICAL APPLICATION ASSOCIATED IN THE SYSTEM

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immotile cilia syn

cryptorchidism

malnutrition, alcoholism

benign prostatic hypertrophy

malignant prostatic tumor