Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
X-linked Myotubular Myopathy
|
females are carriers
Maps to Xq28, mutation in MTM1 gene which encodes Myotubularin protein lipid phosphatase centrally located nuclei in skeletal muscle, which resembles the fetal stage of development delayed muscular developmental milestones floppy male |
|
Duchenne’s muscular dystophy
|
X-linked recessive of Xp21
mutation in gene that encodes Dystrophin, results in weakness b/c actin cant anchor to extrecellular matrix increased creatine kinase levels in blood disrupts the sarcolemma, allowing Ca2+ into muscle cell, causing necrosis onset in males 3/5 years of age |
|
Botulism
|
food poisoning caused by Clostridium Botulinum Toxin
inhibits ACh release causes paralysis, vomiting, nausea |
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
Autoimmune disease, ACh receptor antibodies produced
bind and block access of ACh receptor, blocking normal nerve/muscle interaction causes muscle weakness, ptosis and diplopia |
|
Rhabdosarcoma
|
Cancer in striated muscle
3 types: Embryonal: occurs in head, neck, genitalia Alveolar: arms, legs, chest, abdomen, anal Anaplastic: rare in children causes lumps/swelling that increase in size |
|
Central Core Disease
|
mutation in Ryanodine receptor
poor muscle tone and weakness in infants, skeletal deformaties central abnormality in myofibrils |
|
Myocardial Infarction
|
Irreversible necrosis of cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemia
Lactic Dehydrogenase-1 and creatine kinase detectable in serum |
|
McArdle’s Disease
|
affects the breakdown of glycogen via Myophosphorylase in glucose in muscle
not progressive causes cramping, muscle weakness and pain during exercise |
|
Pompe’s Disease
|
Acid Maltase Deficiency, leads to inability to process carbs
glycogen accumulates and is not converted to glucose S/S: progressive weakness in respiratory muscles, upper legs, arms and shoulders (also cardiac in children) |
|
Sinusitis
|
inflammation of ethmoid sinus or maxillary sinus
paralysis of ciliary elevator, deviated septum or upper respiratory infection leads to blockage of drainage S/S: fever, nasal congestion, pain |
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
nasal polyps appear
increases viscosity of secretions of exocrine glands decrease in Cl- secretions and increase in Na+ and H2O causes accumulation of thick, viscous mucous in lungs S/S: pulmonary lesions, thickening of bronchiole walls, increase in # of resp. infections |
|
Resp. Distress Syndrome
|
decrease in synthesis of surfactant, increasing surface tension in lungs
failure of type II neumocytes to produce S/S: Cyanosis and labored breathing thickening of hyaline membrane lining alveoli |
|
Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency leading to Emphysema
|
Alpha 1 functions to maintain elastin by inhibiting neutrophil elastase
smoking--> inflammation--> elastin in wall degraded--> Alpha 1 antitrypin inactivates neutrophile elastase (cant produce more elastin) |
|
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
|
due to water in lungs or from smoke inhalation
type II cells become type I to return to normal |
|
Atelectasis
|
Loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of the air spaces (collapse)
May occur with CF or Emphysema |
|
Early Stages of Acute Pneumonia
|
Alveoli fill with exudates containing WBC’s and RBC’s, referred to as hepatization, because the lung resembles the liver.
The lung has enlarged caps giving it a red color The lung lacks alveoli or alveoli that are functional because they are swollen or filled with PMN’s, RBC’s or fibrin |
|
Mesothelioma
|
malignant tumor originating in the mesothelial lining of serous membranes
due to long term exposure to absestos can metastisize to any organ S/S= pleural effusion (abnormal liquid in the pleural space), chest pain, and dyspnea |
|
Bronchiectasis
|
Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to dystruction of cartilage and elastic tissue by an infection
Causes CF, TB, obstuction by a carcionoma, and primary ciliary dyskinesia Most common in the lower lobes |
|
Atherosclerosis
|
Initial finding is atherosclerotic lesions (fatty streak)
S/S: ischemic heart disease, MI, stroke, and gangrene of limbs lesions develop on intima accumulation of lipid causes loss of integrity of endothelium |
|
Atherosclerosis with Ischemic Heart Disease
|
Ischemic heart disease is described as the imbalance between the supply and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood
Ischemic events are characterized by anginal pain associated with the loss of oxygenated blood to the region of the heart supplied by the affected vessel. Coronary artery thrombosis usually precedes and precipitates a MI |
|
Marfans Syndrome
|
Fibrillin disorder
Most common cause of death with Marfans is aortic dissection Affects 3 cardiac structures: 1) Tunica Media- vessels rupture 2) Mitral Valve- prolapse or redundant 3) Chordae Tendinae- changes in them |
|
Vessel Aneurysm
|
A localized or diffuse dilation of an artery with a diameter at least 50% greater than the normal size of the artery, due to the weakening of the vessel wall, followed by dilation and a tendency of rupture
Causes= Atherosclerosis and bacterial/fungal infections |
|
Thrombosis
|
An intravascular mass attached to a vessel wall composed of variable portions of RBC’s, coagulation factors and platelets.
Can be caused by endothelial damage, esp arterial thrombi |
|
Embolism
|
A detached mass (fat, clot, gas…) carried in the body to a distant site
These lodge in various places atrium, pulmonary system, microvasculature throughout the body |
|
Hypertension
|
High BP: sustained diastolic P >90 or sustained systolic P > 140
Smooth muscle cells increase in lipid Tunica intima thickness occurs in fat-free diet Cardiac muscle cells increase in size and number (hypertropy). Hypertrophy makes the walls less elastic and the heart must work harder |
|
Aschoff Body
|
Characteristic lesion of acute rheumatic myocarditis (appear in rheumatic fever)
The Anitschkow cell is the characteristic cell of the body It is called a cardiac histiocyte |
|
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
|
Reversible ischemia of peripheral arterioles usually involving fingers and toes
It’s a vasospasm involving arterioles It is associated with other illnesses or secondary to another disease and the most common is an autoimmune disease |
|
Lymphedema
|
A defect in the transport of lymph because of abnormal lymph development or damaged lymphatic vessels
Chylothorax is the accumulation of high fat containing lymph or chyle in the thorax |
|
Peptic Ulcers
|
Open sores on the lining of the stomach, SI and/or esophagus
Can result in internal bleeding and peritonitis (if it penetrates the organ wall) S/S= burning pain from breastbone to navel; worse when the stomach is empty, improves with food that buffers the stomach contents |
|
Pernicious Anemia
|
Disruption of formation of RBC’s in bone marrow due to deficiency in vitamin B12
Can be caused by an autoimmune gastritis and the lack intrinsic factor |
|
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
|
Gastrin-secreting tumors (aka gastrinomas) of pancreas
Complications include: fulminant (sudden onset) of stomach ulceration, diarrhea (gastrin causes inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption in intestine), Statorrhea (inability to absorb fat due to inactivation of pancreatic lipase by low pH) and hypokalemia High acid secretion independent of food ingestion |
|
Gastic Reflux (Barrett’s Esophagus)
|
Due to extensive gastroesophageal reflux
S/S: burning sensation below & behind breastbone TX: antacids and acid blocking drugs. No improvement by blocking acid secretion |
|
Gluten Enteropathy
|
Results from destructive effects of certain glutens on intestinal villi
Reduces SA available for absorption TX: elimination of wheat and rye products from diet Seen as failure to thrive in infants |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative Colitis |
Includes Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
S/S: diarrhea, pain and periodic prolapses Ulcerative Colitis can affect mucosa of LARGE INTESTINES |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s Disease |
Crohn’s disease affects ANY segment of intestinal tract (small & large)
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory process (may be autoimmune) with immune system cells producing cytokines damaging intestinal mucosa, progressing into submucosa and muscularis externa S/S: Diarrhea, chills, fever, nausea, weakness, anorexia and weight loss |
|
Colorectal Carcinoma
|
Second highest cause of cancer death in US (3rd most common in men, 2nd most common in women) usually affect 55 or older
Usually arises from adenomatous polyps May be asymptomatic for years, rectal bleeding frequently present Probably diet related (high fat, refined carbs and low fiber) TX: surgery with or without chemo and radiation |
|
Salivary Gland Tumors
|
Approx 80% are benign, most originate from Parotid glands (but may come from submandibular or sublingual or even minor glands)
Most are pleomorphic (65%), they are characterized by epithelial tissue containing ductal and myoepithelial cells with areas of gs from CT. Pts present with painless swelling of the involved gland and may also have numbness or tingling of the innervated muscles because of the nerve envolvment TX: surgical removal of the tumor and sometimes the gland. Postoperative radiation is often necessary. |
|
Sjogren Syndrome
|
S/S: Xerstomia (dry mouth) and dry, gritty eyes. Component of systemic disease
DX: part of the diagnosis is an inner lip biopsy. Positive if there are aggregates of 50 lymphocytes adjacent to the mucous acini/4mm2 gland. Lymphycytes eventually replace the acini |
|
Acute Pancreatitis
|
An inflammatory condition of the exocrine pancreas that results from injury to the acinar cells. Acinar cell injury and duct obstruction are the major initiators.
Some causes: secretion against obstruction (gallstone) Inappropriate activation of proenzymes AIDS Ethanol Most common causes are alcohol abuse and bile duct obstruction |
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
80% of CF pts have visible secretory abnormalities of the pancreas
CF causes mucous inspissation in the ducts and secondary atrophy of exocrine gland (due to blocking the lumens with dehydrated secretions) |
|
Centrilobular Necrosis
|
Hepatocytes in zone 3 undergo ischemic necrosis, this may occur with CHF when they might not receive adequate oxygenation.
No change in cells in zone 1 and 2 (because these zones receive blood first from the sinusoids) |
|
Alcoholic Hepatitis
|
Histological changes seen:
Swollen (balloon cells) hepatocytes in centrilobular region Mallory bodies in hepatocytes PMN’s present Collagen deposited (fibrosis) around the central vein Some hepatocytes become fat cells |
|
Cirrhosis
|
Death of hepatocytes leading to scarring or increased production of collagen destroying the normal architecture (hepatocytes are replaced by CT)
|
|
Cholecystitis
|
Gallstone impacted in cystic duct leading to: Thickened muscular layer (due to trying to overcome the pressure)
Impaired break down of fat 3) High pressure in GB rearranges the mucosa |
|
Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Portal Hypertension
|
Hepatic stellate change function/type to lay down matrix and affect sinusoids
Portal hypertension – caused by changes in the hepatic stellate cell. Lose storage function and begin to produce collagen and ECM material; also convert to myofibroblasts and constrict sinusoids. Matrix increase and constriction leads to portal hypertension. |