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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
LIP (free margin) contains the vermillion border. The dermal papillae are quite deep (black arrows) at this location. The core of the lip is formed by skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris muscle) and collagenous connective tissue.
LIP (external surface) exhibits thin skin. Arrows indicate the epidermis with the underlying dermis (D). Hair follicles (HF) are present with accompanying sebaceous glands (SG).
LIP (mucosal surface) is covered by mucosal stratified squamous epithelium(SSE). Underlying the epithelium is a connective tissue layer, the lamina or tunica propria (LP). Labial glands are present.
TOOTH:
CEJ = cementum-enamel junction. The crown of the tooth is covered by enamel (E), while the root is covered by cementum (C). D = dentin; P = pulp cavity; RC = root canal; AF = apical foramen; B = bone fragments.
CROWN OF A TOOTH:
E = enamel; D = dentin; P = pulp; arrow indicates dentin-enamel junction; ECJ = enamel-cementum junction.
TOOTH:
Enamel covers the outer surface of the crown and is the hardest tissue in the body. Dentin is not as highly calcified as enamel and exhibits dental tubules which are long, narrow canals and give a striated appearance to this layer.
Tooth: The pulp is surrounded by dentin. Predentin is a zone of uncalcified dentin adjacent to the pulp. The outermost layer of the pulp contains odontoblasts (Od) whose cell processes extend into the dental tubules of the dentin. Next is a cell free region (CF) which blends with the highly cellular central region of the pulp.
Dentinal Tubules: Cell processes of odontoblasts extend into the tubules within the dentin. The odontoblasts produce and maintain the dentin.
TONGUE (low power):
Skeletal muscle fibers radiate from the median septum (M). The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by filiform papillae which has a partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (SSE). Distributed randomly among the filiform papillae are fungiform papillae (aqua arrow). These papillae have taste buds on their luminal surfaces and are covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The ventral surface is devoid of papillae. It has a mucosal stratified squamous epithelium. F= frenulum.
TONGUE:
The majority of the papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue are filiform, which do not possess taste buds. Fungiform papillae are less numerous and have taste buds (arrows) on the luminal surface.
TONGUE:
A fungiform papilla (outlined by yellow arrows) is interspersed among the numerous filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The luminal surface of the fungiform papilla contains taste buds (black arrows).
CIRCUMVALLATE OR VALLATE PAPILLA (tongue):
Arrows indicate the groove surrounding the papilla. Taste buds are present on the lateral surface of the papilla.
CIRCUMVALLATE OR VALLATE PAPILLA (tongue):
Yellow arrows indicate the taste buds on the lateral surface of the papilla. Serous glands (sg) empty throught ducts (red arrow) into the groove surrounding the papilla.
FOLIATE PAPILLAE:
These papillae appear in rows. Taste buds are present on the lateral surfaces of the papillae.Foliate papillae are rudimentary in humans. White arrows=lingual glands which are serous. Black arrow = duct from serous glands.
FOLLIATE PAPILLAE: Taste buds (white arrows) are located on the sides of the papillae. These papillae are rudimentary in humans. LG=lingual glands.
SOFT PALATE:
The nasal surface is lined by respiratory epithelium. The oral surface is lined by mucosal stratified squamous epithelium. Arrow indicates the point of transition in epithelium. The core of the soft palate consists of skeletal muscle (Sk). Minor salivary glands, palatal glands are present.
SOFT PALATE:
NASOPHARYNX side of the soft palate is lined by respiratory epithelium. A very thick basement membrane is present (arrows). The lamina propria (LP) is highly cellular. Mucous secreting palatal glands (MG) are present. Sk=skeletal muscle.
SOFT PALATE:
OROPHARYNX is lined by mucosal stratified squamous epithelium (SSE). LP=lamina propria; M = mucous secreting glands (palatal glands).
Myoepithelial cells
are present in all of the salivary glands. These cells are epithelial in orgin and reside within the basal laminae. Upon contraction these cells compress the secretory units and assist in moving the secretion into the duct system.
PAROTID GLAND:
A major salivary gland composed of all serous units. The striated ducts (arrows) are quite evident. This section also contains fat cells (arrowheads).
PAROTID GLAND:
A major salivary gland composed of all serous units (S). The smallest ducts, intercalated ducts (yellow arrows) and striated ducts (white arrows) are present in this micrograph. This section also contains fat cells (A).
PAROTID GLAND:
The transition from intercalated ducts to striated duct.
PAROTID GLAND: The field is filled with serous units (S). An intercalated duct is outlined by white arrows.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND:
A major salivary gland composed of both serous and mucous units.Blue arrowheads outline a lobule. Black arrows=striated ducts.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND:
S = serous acinus; M = mucous acinus; Black arrows = striated ducts.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND:
M = mucous secreting unit; Black arrows= serous deminlunes
SUBLINGUAL GLAND:
Mucus secreting salivary gland; arrows = striated ducts.
SUBLINGUAL GLAND:
M=mucous acini; black arrows = serous demilunes
SUBLINGUAL GLAND:
ct = connective tissue septae between lobules. The lobule on the right appears different from the lobule on the left. The lobule on the right has recently released its secretory products.
ESOPHAGUS (transverse section):
The four layers or tunics of the esophagus are present in this micrograph:[1] m= mucosa composed of the stratified squamous mucosal epithelium and the muscularis mucosa (small blue arrows), [2] s = submucosa, [3] muscularis externa (me)with the inner circular layer of smooth muscle (ICM) and the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (OLM); and [4] adventitia (small black arrows).
ESOPHAGUS:
This is a higher magnification of the previous image. The mucosa consists of mucosal stratified squamous epithelium (sse), connective tissue lamina propria (lp) and the muscularis mucosa (mm). Identify the submucosa (sub) composed of connective tissue;and the inner muscle layer of the muscularis externa (me).
ESOPHAGUS:
The mucosa consists of mucosal stratified squamous epithelium (mss), connective tissue lamina propria (lp) and the muscularis mucosa (mm). Identify the the esophageal glands proper (epg) located in the submucosa (subm) composed of connective tissue; and the muscularis externa (me).
ESOPHAGUS (longitudinal section) showing all 4 layers of tunics:
[1] Mucosa: mucosal stratified squamous epithelium (MSS), the lamina propria (LP), and muscularis mucosa (black arrows); [2] submucosa (SM) contains esophageal glands proper (blue arrows); [3] muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer of smooth muscle (ICM) and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (OLM) and [4] adventitia.
ESOPHOGOGASTRIC JUNCTION OR CARDIOESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION:
The arrows indicate the abrupt change in the epithelium from that of the esophagus (mucosal stratified squamous) to that of the cardiac region of the stomach (simple columnar). The cardiac stomach contains cardiac glands which secrete mainly mucus. Follow the muscularis mucosa (mm) across the junction. Identify the submucosa (subm).
FUNDIC STOMACH:
Three layers of the wall of the stomach can be seen: [1] Mucosa (M), [2] submucosa (Sub) and the [3] muscularis externa (ME). The mucosa (M) contains gastric pits (p), gastric glands (g) and the muscularis mucosa (MM).The connective tissue of the mucosa is the lamina propria. Identify the two layers of the muscularis externa (ME): inner circular layer of smooth muscle (ICM) and the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (OLM).
FUNDIC STOMACH:
Identify the components of the mucosa which are indicated by the bar: gastric pits, gastric glands and \muscularis mucosa (mm). Subm = submucosa, me = muscularis externa.
FUNDIC STOMACH:
Gastric pits (P) can be seen in both longitudinal and transverse sections.
Gastric Glands (neck):
Transition from the base of the pits lined by mucous cells (MC) to the neck of the gastric glands lined by mucous neck cells (black arrows). Identify the very eosinophilic parietal cells (P) which are located throughout the length of the glands.
Gastric glands:
Black arrows = parietal or oxyntic cells which secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, and intrinsic factor. White arrows = chief or zymogenic cells which secrete pepsinogen.
Base of gastric glands demonstrating the presence of chief of zymogenic cells (C) and parietal or oxyntic cells (P).
MUCOSA OF PYLORIC STOMACH:
Depth of gland to pit is about 1:1. Gastric pits are indicated by small black arrows. Pyloric glands open into the base of the gastric pits. These glands secrete primarily mucus. MM= muscularis mucosa.
MUCOSA OF THE PYLORIC STOMACH:
The pyloric mucosa usually has this undulating appearance to its surface. Gastric pits are indicated by small black arrows. The pyloric glands open into the base of the pits. mm = muscularis mucosa.
PYLORODUODENAL JUNCTION (Junc):
There is an abrupt change in the mucosa at the junction of the pyloric stomach (PS) with the duodenum (Duo).The muscularis mucosa (mm) is interupted in this micrograph by a lymph nodule (LN). The submucosa of the duodenum contains submucosal glands of Brunner (BG). ME = muscularis externa.
PYLORODUODENAL JUNCTION: At the junction of the pyloric stomach with the duodenum there is an abrupt change in the mucosa (arrow). The pyloric stomach contains mucous secreting pyloric glands and pits. The duodenum contains villi and intestinal glands in the mucosa and submucosal glands (Brunner's glands) are present in the submucosa. There is a thickening of the muscularis externa at junction forming the pyloric sphincter.
Transverse section of Small Intestine.
All four layers of the wall of the small intestine are seen in this micrograph. [1] Mucosa (M) from which villi can be seen projecting into the lumen. [2] Submucosa (Sub) which is composed of a dense, irregular fibroelastic connective tissue. [3] Muscularis Externa (ME) composed of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle (ICM) and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle (OLM). [4] Serosa at tips of black arrows. The surface area of the small intestine is increased by permanent folds, plicae circulares (PC), which have a submucosal core of connective tissue.,
Small Intestine:
Mucosa exhibits numerous villi (V), intestinal glands (yellow arrows) and the muscularis mucosa (MM). The connective tissue of the muscosa is termed the lamina or tunica propria. The villi vary in shape depending upon the region of the small intestine. This particular section is one of the duodenum whose villi are described as "leaf-shaped."
Duodenum.
Intestinal Villi in longitudinal section (V) and transverse section (Vx). Intestinal glands are indicated by black arrows. mm = muscularis mucosa.
EPITHELIUM OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.
The small intestine is lined by absorptive columnar cells (AC) and goblet cells (GC). Arrowheads = microvillous border (striated border).
Epithelial border of small intestine.
The striated border (microvillous border) of the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine is quite obvious in this micrograph as indicated by black arrows. g = goblet cells, lp = lamina propria.
PANETH CELLS (PC)
are found at the bases of intestinal glands (IG) in the small intestine. These cells secrete lysozyme, which is an antibacterial agent. MM = muscularis mucosa.
PANETH CELLS (black arrows)
are found at the bases of intestinal glands (IG) in the small intestine. Mast cells in the lamina propria are indicated by blue arrows.
DUODENUM:
Three of the four layers of the wall are present in this micrograph. [1] Mucosa: V = villi, arrows = intestinal glands (glands of Lieberkuhn); [2] Submucosa (Sub) containing submucosal glands (Brunner's glands),[3] Muscularis externa (ME) with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. The fourth layer, the serosa, is not visible in this micrograph.
JEJUNUM:
Villi are long and fingerlike. The white bar indicates the thickness of the mucosa. This micrograph has villi in both longitudingal section (left side of image) and transverse section (right side of image). The submucosa (Sub) is void of glands and Peyer's Patches . ME = muscularis externa.
ILEUM:
Villi can be seen projecting from the mucosal surface. The muscularis mucosa (small black arrows) can be seen in areas lacking lymphoid nodules. The submucosa (Sub) contains premanent aggregated lymphoid nodules called Peyer's Patches which have also infilitrated the lamina propria of the mucosa. Permanent folds occur in the wall of the small intestine which are identified as plicae circulares (semicircular folds, valves of Kerchring) The cores of these structures are formed by the submucosa (large green arrows). ME = muscularis externa with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. The outermost layer is a serosa.
ILEUM:
Peyer's Patches are present in the submucosa. The lymphoid tissue has invaded the mucosa obliterating the muscularis mucosa in this region. Muscularis mucosa is indicated by small black arrows. Villi (V) can be seen as well as the intestinal glands (Int. Gl.). The blue arrows indicate a region where the villi have been lost. This is a region where M (microfold) cells are found. M cells are specialized epithelial cells which endocytoze antigens and transport them to underlying cells of the immune system.
COLON:
The mucosa (M) contains intestinal glands, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosa (mm). Sub = submucosa. The muscularis externa (ME) consists of an inner circular layer of smooth muscle (ICM) and 3 outer bands of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle, the taeniae coli (TC).
MUCOSA OF THE COLON.
The colon contains abundant intestinal glands (IG)which are predominantly mucous secreting glands; lp = lamina propria, mm = muscularis mucosa, Sub = submucosa.
MUCOSA OF THE COLON.
The colon contains abundant intestinal glands (IG)which are predominantly mucous secreting glands, Sub = submucosa, Lym = lymphoid tissue.
RECTOANAL JUNCTION (Junc): The simple columnar epithelium lining the colon abruptly changes to mucosal stratified squamous epithelium (mss)in the anus. IG = intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn), Sub = submucosa, ME = muscularis externa. The muscularis muscosa (mm) is lost at the junction and does not continue into the wall of the anus.
SUBMUCOSAL OR MEISSNER'S PLEXUS
is an autonomic nerve plexus which contains postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cells (black arrows). It is located in the submucosa, just inside the middle circular layer of smooth muscle (ICM) of the muscularis externa. Submucosal plexi are found throughout the digestive tract (esophagus through colon).
MYENTERIC PLEXUS (arrows):
Throughout the digestive tract an automonic plexus is present between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa.
APPENDIX:
The appendix has intestinal glands (IG)but no villi. The mucosa and submucosa (Sub) are infiltrated with lymphoid nodules/follicles (LN) which tend to disrupt the muscularis mucosa. The muscularis externa (ME) has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. It is covered by a serosa (small black arrows).
APPENDIX:
The mucosa (M) has intestinal glands but no villi. The mucosa and submucosa (Sub) are infiltrated with lymphoid tissue which contains permanent, aggregated lymphoid nodules/follicles (LN) that disrupt the muscularis mucosa. The muscularis externa (ME) has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. It is covered by a serosa (black arrows).
LIVER: The parenchyma of the liver is arranged in radiating cords or plates of hepatocytes separated by sinusoids which receive blood from branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein that are located in the portal areas (PA). Thus, blood supplying the liver is mixed arterial and venous blood. The blood enters the parenchyma of the liver through the portal areas (PA) and leaves via the central veins (CV).
Liver
PORTAL AREA: HA= branch of hepatic artery; PV = branch of the portal vein; BD = bile duct. Both arterial blood (HA) and venous blood (PV) enter the liver parenchyma through the portal areas, while bile drains from the liver via the bile duct system (BD).
Liver:
PORTAL AREA: Higher magnification of previous slide. Branch of portal vein (PV), branch of the hepatic artery (HA) andbile duct (BD)
LIVER with cords of heptocytes (H) separated by sinusoids. Bright pink arrows indicate liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) and green arrows indicate endothelial cells. Both cells types participate in the lining of the sinusoids which have an incomplete wall.
Liver:
The parenchyma of the liver consists of anastomosing cords of hepatocytes which are separated by sinusoids (S). The sinusoids are incompletely lined by endothelial cells (green arrows) and macrophages of Kupffer cells (black arrows).
LIVER: Macrophages or Kupffer cells (green arrows) lining the sinusoids are easily seen in the micrograph in which the cells contain ingested material. CV= central vein
LIVER (higher magnification of previous image): Macrophages or Kupffer cells (green arrows) lining the sinusoids are easily seen in the micrograph in which the cells contain ingested material.
The liver stores glycogen. This section was specifically stained for glycogen (red stain). CV = central vein; H = hepatocytes; S = sinusoid. In response to glucagon, the liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases it into the circulation.
BILE CANALICULI in liver:
The bile canaliculi are filled with a dye. The bile drains toward the portal areas (black arrows). Bile flow is the basis for the portal lobule.
The blood in the liver sinusoids drains into the central veins (CV).
LIVER: The cords of the hepatocytes (H) and the walls of the sinusoids (S) are supported by reticular fibers which are seen throughout as dark lines (green arrows).
CLASSICAL LIVER LOBULE:.The outer limits of this lobule are formed by lines connecting the portal areas (indicated by black arrows). The center of the lobule is the central vein (CV) . The concept of this liver lobule is based upon blood flow. Blood enters through the branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery in the portal areas (PA) along the periphery of the lobule, then moves through the sinusoids coming into contact with the hepatocyes, and drains into the central vein (CV) in the center of the lobule.
PORTAL LOBULE of the liver is based upon the flow of bile. Bile formed by the hepatocytes is transported via bile canaliculi between the hepatocytes to bile ducts located in the portal areas (PA). This lobule forms a triangle with central veins (CV) at the apices and a portal area (PA) in the center. The area outlined in black is a portal lobule. All the bile within the outlined area drains into the portal area at the center.
LIVER ACINUS (ACINUS OF RAPPAPORT) is based upon the arterial blood supply, and thus, the order in which the hepatocytes receive oxygenated blood. The diamond shaped lobule has two portal areas (PA) which supply oxygenated blood to the lobule. The blood then moves through the sinusoids to exit at the central veins (CV), located at the other two apices of the diamond. The area closest to the portal areas will be the richest in oxygenated blood.
Liver demonstrating both hepatocytes and sinusoids. Each hepatocyte contacts sinusoids as well as neighboring hepatocytes. The sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells which have fenestrae as well as gaps between the endothelial cells (small arrows). Bile canaliiculi are formed between hepatocytes (arrow heads). These channels are formed by the plasma membranes of opposing hepatocytes. Their integrity is maintained by tight junctions. sd = space of Disse'
SINUSOIDS are lined by endothelial cells which are fenestrated (arrows) and have gaps between the cells. The hepatocytes have microvilli which project into the perisinusoidal space of Disse' (sd) permiting the hepatocytes to come into direct contact with the plasma. g = glycogen, m = mitochondria.
THE PERISINUSOIDALSPACE OF DISSE (sd) contains numerous microvilli of hepatocytes. This is the area where the hepatocytes come into direct contact with the plasma of the blood circulating through the sinusoids. Endo = endothelial cells. BC = bile canaliculus, rer = rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.
HEPATOCYTE: Hepatocytes are active in protein synthesis as evidenced by the many stacks of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rer). N= nucleus, Nu = nucleolus, g = glycogen, m = mitochondria.
Hepatocytes and bile canalliculi:
Region where 3 hepatocytes come into contact with one another are seen in this electron micrograph. The bile canaliculus (bc) is formed by the a separation between the plasmalemmas of cells 1 and 3. Arrows indicate the tight junctions which permit the formation of the bile channel. rer= rough surfaced endoplasmic retiuclum, M = mitochondria, N = nucleus. Profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are also seen in this micrograph.
GALL BLADDER: The wall of the gall bladder consists of 3 layers: [1] a folded muscosa composed of a tall columnar epithelium and a highly vascular lamina propria (lp); [2] a thin muscularis composed of smooth muscle (sm); and [3] an adventitia or serosa.
GALL BLADDER: In areas where the gall bladder lies in relationship to the liver, the gall bladder has an adventitia (Adv) which blends with the connective tissue capsule of the liver. sm = muscularis.
Gallbladder:
The mucosa of the GALL BLADDER consists of simple columnar epithelium and the lamina propria (LP) which is a highly vascular loose connective tissue layer. SM = mucscularis composed mostly of obliquely arranged smooth muscle fibers.
Gallbladder:
The epithelium of the GALL BLADDER consists of simple columnar epithelium (SCE) which has short microvilli. The lamina propria (LP) is a highly vascular loose connective tissue layer. SM = mucscularis composed mostly of obliquely arranged smooth muscle fibers.
EXOCRINE PANCREAS is composed of serous acini which drain into a highly branched duct system. The beginning of the duct system (centroacinar cells) is indicated by the white arrows.The exocrine pancreas secretes an alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid which enters the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater. Rate of secretion is regulated by both nervous and hormonal influences. Enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum secrete the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin stimulates secretion of a watery, bicarbonate solution and cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) stimulates release of digestive enzymes. Endocrine pancreas or pancreateic islets (PI).
EXOCRINE PANCREAS is composed of serous acini. A serous acinus is outlined by white arrows. Black arrows indicate centroacinar cells which are the beginning of the highly branched duct system of the exocrine pancreas. PI = pancreatic islet.
PANCREATIC ACINAR CELL (Electron micrograph): The cytoplasm is filled with rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The apical end of the cell is filled with zymogen granules (ZG). Compliments of Jose Mascorro.