Hinduism (Exam 1) Practice

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Advaita-Vedanta

Back 1

subsystem of Vedanta-Sutra developed by Sankara; says that Brahman is the ultimate reality, and the material universe is just Maya

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Agni

Back 2

earthly deity, considered to be most powerful earthly force; symbol of fire

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Arjuna

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One of the five brothers in the Bhagavad-Gita, hesitates before battle and talks to Krsna who says he must fulfill his duty; realizes Krsna is incarnate of Vishnu

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Aryan

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nomadic barbarians that originated in Russia, conquered the Dravidians

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asana

Back 5

“postures”; third stage of Classical Yoga

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Atharva-veda

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fourth of the four vedas; dealt with religious matters for the 4th social class (laborers); distinguished between sophisticated religion (formal) and folk religion (narratives, spells, omens)

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atman

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soul; also Brahman

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Bhagavad-Gita

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most famous and widespread section of the Mahabharata, which is one of the significant Hindu epics

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bhakti

Back 9

“devotion”

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Bhakti-yoga

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Yoga of Devotion; highest form of yoga, much like practices found in churches where people give themselves up wholly to receive moksa

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Brahma

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creator god of the Trimurti; source and seed of all things

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Brahman

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atman; the absolute power of the whole universe and is identical with the spirit of human beings

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brahmin

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priests; the second class in the class system

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Caitanya

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man who developed Bhakti yoga

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Darsanas

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philosophical systems; “seeing / to see”

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dharma

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“duty” in terms of social class

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Dravidians

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civilization rich in culture, but were conquered by the Aryans; some fled to the south and became Tamils, those left became the laboring class in the new class system

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Dvaita-Vedanta

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developed by Madhva; theory that Brahman+Universe=God; (Dual)

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Gandhi

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one of the founding fathers of the modern Indian state; He often stated his values were simple, drawn from traditional Hindu beliefs: truth (satya),
and non-violence (ahimsa)

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guru

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"learned one"; an expert at something

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Harappa

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one of the ancient cities that the Dravidians originated from

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Indra

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vedic god of rain and thunder; chief atmosphere deity

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Isvara

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“lord”

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Jñana-Yoga

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discipline of knowledge; training of the mind

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kalpa

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one cycle of samsara

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karma

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“actions”; determines what someone will be reborn as

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Karma-yoga

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act in conscience with your dharma; found in the Bhagava-gita

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Krsna

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Arjuna’s charioteer

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ksatriya

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“warriors”; first of the four social classes

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Madhva

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developed Dvaita-Vedanta; lived around 1200 AD

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Mahabharata

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a significant Hindu epic; contains Bhagavad-Gita

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Mohenjo-Daro

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one of the ancient cities that the Dravidians originated from

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moksa

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salvation; the ultimate experience; escape from samsara

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Patanjali

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wrote the steps of classical yoga

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Ramakrishna

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extremely influential and liked teachers of Hinduism; was admired by Ghandi; many paths to one God

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Ramanuja

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developed Visista-Advaita-Vedanta; thought Maya was the overwhelming power of god; suggests Bhakti-yoga; lived from 1020-1140 AD

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Ramayana

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a significant Hindu epic

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Rg-veda

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first of four vedas; contains 1028 hymns

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rsi

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“sages”; preached about what they read from the scriptures

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Sama-veda

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second of four vedas; re-arranged the Rg-Veda for chanting

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samadhi

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“absorption” in ultimate reality; what happens to get moksa

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Sankara

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developed Advaita-Vedanta; lived 788-820 AD; suggests Jñana yoga

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Sankhya

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one of the 6 darsanas

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samsara

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the cycle of creation and destruction of the universe

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Siva

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destroyer god of the Trimurti

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Soma

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narcotic juice made from mushrooms

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sudra

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the laboring class, the fourth of the four social classes

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Upanisad

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same as Vedanta(s)

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vaisya

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merchants, the third of the four social classes

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Varuna

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chief heavenly deity

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Vayu

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wind god; wind controls all other earth elements

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Vedas

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scriptures of Hinduism; “to know intuitively”

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Vedanta

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the end of the vedas; explains or concludes the wisdom from the Vedas; written around 800 to 400 BC

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Visistad-Avaita-Vedanta

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developed by Ramanuja around
1020-1140AD; (Qualified Non-Dualistic); says that Maya is the
overwhelming power of God

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Visnu

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sustainer god of the Trimurti; god from whose belly button grew a flower containing Brahma and Siva; when the world is in trouble, and incarnation of him comes down to help

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Yajur-Veda

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third of four vedas; about sacrifice

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yoga

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“discipline”; a practice to get Moksa